A literary history of Persia

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448 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIArare manuscripts, I have not been able at present to read orexamine at leisure. Two only need be mentioned, of whichthe first and most importantis the DumyatuTh-^T /M '*-$?r of al-Husayn b. 'AH al-Balcharzf (t A.D.1074-5). Of this work the British Museumpossesses at least two manuscripts (Add. 9994and Add.22,374), and its contents are fully described at pp. 265-271of the old Arabic Catalogue. It comprises seven chapters,of which the firsttreats of the poets of the Arabian Desert andHijaz (27 notices) the second of the ; poets of Syria, DiyarBakr, Mesopotamia, Adharbayjdn, and other lands west ofPersia proper (70 notices) ;the third of the poets of 'Iraq(64 notices) the; fourthof the poets of Ray, al-Jibal,Isfahan, Pars, and Kirman (72 notices) the; fifth of thepoets of Jurjan, Astarabad, Qumis, Dihistan, and Khwarazm(55 notices) the sixth of the; poets of Khurasan, KuhistanBust, Sistan, and Ghazna (225 notices) ;and the seventh ofeminent literarymen who were not poets (20 notices). Inthis work one is struck not only by the very large numberof natives of Persia who appear as the authors of Arabic verse,but by the essentially Persian names or titles of manyof them.Some were recent converts from Zoroastrianism (perhaps insome cases actual Zoroastrians), such as Ibn Mahabzud (i.e. yM&h-afaud) " the Magian " (al-Majusi), and Mahyar b.Marzuya of Daylam, who was converted to Islam in A.D.1003-4 by the Sharif ar-Radf, a much more famous poet thanhimself; 1 others have names, such as Khusraw Firuz,Durustuya, and Fana-Khusraw (for Panah-fChusraw), ortitles, such as DihkhuJa, Div-dadf, so essentiallyPersian thatno doubt as to their origin is possible. Other later worksof the same class are the Zaynatuz-Zaman of Shamsu'd-DinMuhammad of Andakhud, the Kharidatu l-âsr of 'Imadu'd-&c.Dln al-Katib al-Isfahani,1See de Slane's transl. of Ibn Khallikan, vol. Hi, p. 517 ;and T. W.Arnold's Preaching of Isldm (London, 1896), p. 180.
DOWN TO A.D. 1000 449For the Persian-writing poets of Persia the chief primaryauthorities now extant are the Chah&r Maq&la, or " FourDiscourses" of the Ghurid court-poet Nidhimf-*&erâ u rn-ces i-'Arudf of Satnarqand (written about A.D. 1155),wr n gthi s pSofand the Lubdbu'l AMb of Muhammad Awfl(writtenin the first half of the thirteenth century).Of the former I published in the J. R. A. S. for 1899a complete translation (obtainable also as a ttragerhruw
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. andA Literary Historyof PersiaFro
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A Literary Historyof PersiaFrom the
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StackAnnexPtPrefaceFOR many yearsI
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PREFACEixdown to the Mongol Invasio
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PREFACExl7f," says a well-known Eas
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xivCONTENTSCHAPTERVII.BOOK IIION TH
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CHAPTER IINTRODUCTORYTHIS book, as
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THE OLD PERSIAN LANGUAGE 5in the th
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PERIODS OF THE PERSIAN LANGUAGE 7Pd
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DISUSE OF PAHLAWt SCRIPT $Armenian
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BEGINNINGS OF MODERN PERSIAN 11char
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BEGINNINGS OF PERSIAN POETRY 13glee
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BARBAD THE MINSTREL 15were transcri
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BARBAD AND RtfDAGt I?"When Rudagi r
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THE MEDES 19now enter is, unfortuna
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THE MEDES 21and disclosed by Mordec
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THE MEDES 23bcrceau du Zoroastrisme
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LANGUAGE OF THE AVESTA **>same unan
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PERSIAN DIALECTS 27" Pehlevi-Musulm
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DATE OF THE A VESTA 29Paris, 1892-3
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'THE CRIME OF " MA GICIDE " }tSasin
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fORIGIN OF THE IRANIANS 33the race
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GEOGRAPHY OF THE A VESTA 35the reli
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SEMTTIC INFLUENCES 37Greek is far m
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CHAPTER IITHE DISCOVERY AND INTERPR
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ARABIC CHAIRS FOUNDED 41according t
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THOMAS HYDE 43the Arabic Mah prefix
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ANQUETIL DU PERRON 45year above men
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ANQUETIL DU PERRON 47immediately co
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S7R WILLIAM JONES 49whence, after a
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SJR W. JONES AND ANQUETIL 51de Us e
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S/R W. JONES AND ANQUETIL 53Sir Wil
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WILLIAM JONES 55with many of them,
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VINDICATION OF ANQUETIL 57catholic
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DECIPHERMENT OF INSCRIPTIONS 59know
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DECIPHERMENT OF INSCRIPTIONS 61of t
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DECIPHERMENT OF INSCRIPTIONS 63Yet,
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ORIGIN OF PERSIAN CUNEIFORM 65From
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BURNOUF'S WORK 67and the like, in t
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"THE WAR OF THE METHODS" 69acumen,"
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PAHLA Wt INSCRIPTIONS 71The Sdsania
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HUZVARISH 73more as to the essentia
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HUZVARISH 75at." So in like manner
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RECAPITULATION 77so whatever they w
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RECAPITULATION 79language " be used
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RECA PITULA TION8 iof the third and
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MODERN DIALECTS 83added concerning
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DIALECTAL POETRY 853-Vi-shum, vdshu
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DIALECTS OF PERSIA 87Kirman, Rafsin
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A PERSONAL EXPLANATION 89(iii) The
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ACHAEMENIAN INSCRIPTIONS 91produce
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ACHMMENIAN INSCRIPTIONS 93Any obser
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THE A VESTA 95heard itsaid by Engli
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Avesta during the periodTHE A VESTA
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, THE AVESTA 99festation of the Ine
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THE AVESTA 101spiritual hierarchy.T
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PAHLAWt INSCRIPTIONS 103III.THE PAH
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PAHLA Wt L1TERA TURE 16$1. Pahlawi
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PAHLA Wt LITERA TURE 107Bridge of $
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thoughPAHLAWt LITERATURE 109the con
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THE PERSIAN EPICinsources inscripti
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DOCTORTHE PERSfAMBfcWEN MIN4SJAN,th
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THE PERSIAN EPICitsDevil, who begui
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THE PERSIAN EPIC 117the Avesta as a
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THE PERSIAN EPICas follows. The fir
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THE PERSIAN EPIC 121and professedly
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THE PERSIAN EPIC 123This Pahlawi Kh
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CHAPTER IVTHE SAsANIAN PERIOD (A.D.
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DIVINE RIGHT OF KINGS 129were withd
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BfB/ SHAHR-BANti 131Now whether thi
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BiBt SHAHR-BANll 133the Persian hat
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TOLERATION A SIN 135delivered up un
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LEGEND OF ARDASHJR 137Sasanian dyna
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LEGEND OF ARDASH/R 139Karnamak."Aft
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141Brilliantly blazing like the bri
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LEGEND OF ARDASHJR 143The next epis
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LEGEND 01^ ARDASH/R 145Hard by our
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LEGEND OF HAFTAN-BOKHT 147foot of t
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LEGEND OF HAFTAN-BdKHT 149When the
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'THE HAji-ABAD INSCRIPTION 151of th
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THE HAjI-ABAD INSCRIPTION 153We oug
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THE MANICHJEANS 155the former (nota
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THE MANICHJEANS 157corrupted thy re
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THE MANICHAEANS 159Manichasans. ...
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THE MANICHJSANS 161.presents itself
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THE MANICHAEANS 163Progress of \.(A
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THE MANICHÊANS 165standing " ;the
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MAZDAK 167reckless cruelty, nor fro
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MAZDAK 169the fourth Excursus (Uebe
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MAZDAK 171we have already seen (p.
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FALL OF THE HOUSE OF SAsAN 173no ye
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THE CHRISTIANS OF NEJRAN 175Bilqis
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"THE PEOPLE OF THE ELEPHANT" 177Whi
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seek relief from one of the two gre
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REGICIDE AND ANARCHY 181in the midd
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THE PROPHETS MESSAGE 183the doomed
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CHAPTER VTHE ARAB INVASION" DURING
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MUSLIMS BEFORE THE NEGtfSH 187of th
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THE EARLY MUSLIMS 189down his leg,
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191and tribal interests to the dema
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THE PAGAN ARABS 193And if Hudhayl b
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AL-FAKHRt'S NARRATIVE 195and their
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AL-FAKHRt'S NARRATIVE 197concealed
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AL-FAKHRJ'S NARRATIVE 199possession
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CONVERSION OF THE PERSIANS 201retai
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EARLY PERSIAN CONVERTS 203soldiers
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PERSIAN INDISPENSABLE TO ARABS 205i
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SURVIVAL OF "FIRE WORSHIP'' 207the
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CHAPTER VITHE UMAYYAD PERIOD (A.D.
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THE CALIPHATE 211the metropolis of
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THE PROPHET'S ACHIEVEMENT 213missio
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CALIPHATE OF 'UTHMAN 215UMAYYAAbul-
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MURDER OF 'UTHAlAN 217able for thei
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AND MU'AWIYA 219raise aloft on thei
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221like Tamim), and the heroes of Q
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THE KHARIJITES 223cried out, "Thou
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YAZfD 22$It was still worse when, o
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KERBELA 227devotion ;but henceforth
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REBELLION OF AL-MUKHTAR 229the murd
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CAUSES OF DISCONTENT 231sanctity of
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233it not the sole aim. But this di
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'UMAX IBN 'ABDU'L-'AZfZ 235unto men
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THE lABBASID PROPAGANDA 237outbreak
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SECTS OF THE SHPA 239Broadlyspeakin
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PRESAGES OF DISASTER 241A.D. 745, a
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THE REVOLUTION 243Abbasid, whereupo
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DISILLUS10NMENJ 245the lesser Zab b
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EFFECTS OF THE REVOLUTION 247his re
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CHAPTER VIIGENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
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CHARACTER OF 'ABBASID RULE 253all f
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THE OFFICE OF WAZtR 255tuality) lar
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THE OFFICE OF WAZ/R 257as we have s
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REVIVAL OF PERSIAN CUSTOMS 259Anoth
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CONTEMPT OF ARABS FOR LETTERS 261ob
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LITERARY PRE-EMINENCE OF PERSIANS 2
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THE SHU'tfBIYYA 265Christian than t
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PRIDE OF THE PERSIANS 267They hare
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THE SHU'tfBIYYAThe Sku'ubiyya contr
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EVOLUTION OF MUSLIM SCIENCES 271nec
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EARLIEST ARABIC PROSE 273handed on
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CHIEF WRITERS OF THIS PERIOD 275The
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CHIEF WRITERS OF THIS PERIOD 277(22
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Wfi0CHAPTER VIIITHE DEVELOPMENTS OF
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THE MWTAZILA 281Uraayyad period per
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THE DOCTRINE OF FREE WILL 283Caliph
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THE MU'TAZILA DOMINANT 285Withiq fo
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DOCTRINE OF THE MU'TAZILA 287of the
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DECLINE OF THE MU'TAZILA 289but see
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AL-ASH'ARf 291and its siteploughed
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THE IKHWANU 'S-SAFA 293of the 'Abba
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THE ORTHODOX SCHOOLS 295Persian des
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THE EARLY StfF/Swritten with the so
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THE EARLY StfF/S 299sharply with th
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ORIGIN OF SUF1ISM 301not convinced
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THE SABAEANS 303their hair extremel
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THE SYRIANS OF HARRAN 30$great tran
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HERESY IN FASHION- 307says: "Philos
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BIH-AFARfDH 309he had beheld him de
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THE ULTRA-SHf'ITES 311[who believe
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SINBADH "THE MAGIAN" 313followers o
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THE RAWANDIYYA 315Fihnst (p. 345) h
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USTADHS/3places, believing that the
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"THE VEILED PROPHET" 319al-Muqanna'
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"THE VEILED PROPHET" 321"This verse
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BABAK AL-KHURRAMf 323teenth century
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BABAK AL-KHURRAMf* 325went forth in
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BABAK AL-KHURRAMf 327" 'So when it
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EXECUTION OF BABAK 329the Khurramis
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THE TRIAL OF AFSH/N 331two others w
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THE TRIAL OF AFSHfN 333" what means
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THE TRIAL OF AFSHiN 335flies ' (mea
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BOOK IVON THE FIRST PERIOD OF THE D
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340 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATEand sti
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342 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATETurkish
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344 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATEbadges,
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346 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATEIt was
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348 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATEfounded
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350 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATEslaves
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DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATE" " Occulta
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'-354 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATEThe s
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356 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATERawdhak
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358 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATEardent
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360- DECLINE >OF THE CALIPHATEdynas
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362 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATE"Those
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364 DECLINE OP THE CALIPHATEmay men
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366 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATEthe sam
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'368 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATECarmat
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3/0 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATE>others
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372of Islam. This Sabuktagin was or
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374 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATEwith ea
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376 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATEof Isld
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378 THE STATE OF MUSLIM LITERATUREo
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380 THE STATE OF MUSLIM LITERATUREI
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.ii.382 THE STATE OF MUSLIM LITERAT
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384 THE STATE OF MUSLIM LITERATUREh
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386 THE STATE OF MUSLIM LITERATUREF
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388 THE STATE OF MUSLIM LITERATUREH
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390 THE STATE OF MUSLIM LITERATUREo
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392 THE ISMAlLi SECT(especially tho
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394 ^HE ISMA'/Lf SECTMaymtin al-Qad
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1 a'396 THE ISMAfli SECTtheir oppre
Page 420 and 421: 398 THE ISMA'JLI SECTof Syria was i
Page 422 and 423: 400 THE ISMA'JLf SECTwhile, on the
Page 424 and 425: 402 THE iSMAlLt SECTafter this (A.D
Page 426 and 427: 404set in its place, to the infinit
Page 428 and 429: 406 THE ISMA'lLf SECTTo Europeans t
Page 430 and 431: 408 THE ISMAIL! SECT("owing allegia
Page 432 and 433: 410 THE ISMAiLJ SECT5. Space, or Pl
Page 434 and 435: 412 THE ISMAfLI SECTthat the skins
Page 436 and 437: 4HTHE ISMAftf SECTnot the last of t
Page 438 and 439: CHAPTER XIIIRELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS OF
Page 440 and 441: 4J8THE StfFf MYSTICISMcame into use
Page 442 and 443: 420 THE $tfFI MYSTICISMan enormous
Page 444 and 445: 422 THE StfFf MYSTICISMthan the gre
Page 446 and 447: 424 THE StfFf MYSTICISMthe Turkish
Page 448 and 449: 426 THE $tfFJ MYSTICISMSayings of S
Page 450 and 451: 428 THE Sl)Fl MYSTICISMregarding Go
Page 452 and 453: 430 THE SIJF1 MYSTICISMin one of th
Page 454 and 455: 432 THE StiFI MYSTICISMpurpose ;whi
Page 456 and 457: 434 THE StfFf MYSTICISMwoman named
Page 458 and 459: 436 THE StfFl MYSTICISMAdh-Dhahabi
Page 460 and 461: 438 THE StfFf MYSTICISMstudy, espec
Page 462 and 463: 440 THE SUFI MYSTICISMreveals the N
Page 464 and 465: 442 THE StfFf MYSTICISMescape from
Page 466 and 467: 444 THE SI)Ft MYSTICISMthere are le
Page 468 and 469: 446 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIA(includ
Page 472 and 473: 450 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAwriting
Page 474 and 475: 452 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAJ. B. E
Page 476 and 477: 454 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAthough
Page 478 and 479: 456 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAagrees
Page 480 and 481: 458 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAThou mi
Page 482 and 483: 460 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAits san
Page 484 and 485: 462 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIABut for
Page 486 and 487: 464 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAHamada'
Page 488 and 489: 466 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAAbu Bak
Page 490 and 491: 468 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIASeven m
Page 492 and 493: 470 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAAth-Tha
Page 494 and 495: 472 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAmetrica
Page 496 and 497: 474 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAKalila
Page 498 and 499: 476 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAArabic
Page 500 and 501: 478 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAruary 1
Page 502 and 503: 480 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIATo thos
Page 504 and 505: 482 BIBLIOGRAPHYin Geiger and Kuhn'
Page 506 and 507: 484 BIBLIOGRAPHYI16. G. Ravvlinson'
Page 508 and 509: 486 BIBLIOGRAPHY40. C. de Harlez :
Page 510 and 511: BIBLIOGRAPHY62. Dr. W.Wright: The C
Page 512 and 513: 490 BIBLIOGRAPHY*8o.Wellhausen's Mt
Page 514 and 515: 492 BIBLIOGRAPHY105. Von Hammer :Hi
Page 516 and 517: 494 BIBLIOGRAPHY/-. 'Ushshdq (" Lov
Page 518 and 519: 496 BIBLIOGRAPHYLatinum Etymologicu
Page 520 and 521:
498 INDEXAdhar- (Atur-) Farnbag, so
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5ooINDEXAvestic language (so-called
Page 524 and 525:
502 INDEXChrist See ?*$ (
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504 INDEXFargard (chapters of Vendi
Page 528 and 529:
506 INDEXHebrew. language. 40, 41,
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508 INDEX-Juybari, Abu Ishaq Ibrahi
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INDEXBO considered,;246 Fatimid, 39
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512 INDEXMuhitu'J-Multit (Arabic Di
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5'4 INDEXPersian literature, Birth
Page 538 and 539:
INDEXSaint-Martin, 65-Sarvi (or-Sar
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INDEXTmmm \\rntS** Tm~rtmim (fa*i !
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52OINDEXSttfiWool typifying renunci
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