A literary history of Persia

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380 THE STATE OF MUSLIM LITERATUREIII.Philosophic Studies.(i) Mathematics, Logic, &c. (ar-Riyddiyydi iva'l-Mantiqiyydt= r
THE IKHWANU S-SAFA 381The general character of their system was a " combinationof Semitic Monotheism with Neo-Platonism,"so that in asense Philo-Judaeus may,I suppose, be regarded as theirprototype. To this synthesis they were impelled, as Dietericiimplies (Makrokosmos, pp. 86-88), by a conviction of the unityof all truth, religious, philosophical, and scientific. Co-ordi-allnating the sciences known to them with this view and for.this object, they studied each not only for its own sake, butin its relation to Truth as a whole, and endeavoured toembody their conceptions in an intelligible, attractive, andeven popular form, to which end they made extensive use (asin their celebrated apologue of the Beasts and Man] of simile,allegory, and parable. In their prehistoric and scientificconceptions they were most influenced by Aristotle as regardsLogic and Natural Science, by the Neo-Pythagoreans andNeo-Platonists in their theories of Numbers and Emanations,by Ptolemy in their ideas of Natural History, and by Galen inAnthropology and Medicine, the whole synthesis being informedby a strong Pantheistic Idealism. 1They believed thatperfection was to be reached by a combination of the GreekPhilosophy with the Arabian Religious Law. 2They were thesuccessors of al-Kindi and al-Farabf, and the predecessors ofthe Great Avicenna, with whom,as Dieterici obsetyes,3" thedevelopment of Philosophy in the East came to an end."From the East this system, the so-called "Arabian Philosophy,"passed to the Moors in Spain ; whence, after undergoing furtherdevelopment at the hands of Averroes (Ibn Rushd, t A.D.1135), it became diffused in Europe, and gave rise to theChristian Scholastic Philosophy, to which, according toDieterici,4 it rendered the greatest service in restoring theAristotelian element, which, in the earlier systems of Christianphilosophy, had been almost ousted by the Neo-Platonistelement.1Dieterici, Makrokosmos, pp. 138-140.' 3 < Ibid., p. 146. ibid., p. 159. Ibid., p. 159.
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. andA Literary Historyof PersiaFro
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A Literary Historyof PersiaFrom the
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StackAnnexPtPrefaceFOR many yearsI
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PREFACEixdown to the Mongol Invasio
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PREFACExl7f," says a well-known Eas
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xivCONTENTSCHAPTERVII.BOOK IIION TH
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CHAPTER IINTRODUCTORYTHIS book, as
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THE OLD PERSIAN LANGUAGE 5in the th
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PERIODS OF THE PERSIAN LANGUAGE 7Pd
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DISUSE OF PAHLAWt SCRIPT $Armenian
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BEGINNINGS OF MODERN PERSIAN 11char
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BEGINNINGS OF PERSIAN POETRY 13glee
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BARBAD THE MINSTREL 15were transcri
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BARBAD AND RtfDAGt I?"When Rudagi r
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THE MEDES 19now enter is, unfortuna
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THE MEDES 21and disclosed by Mordec
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THE MEDES 23bcrceau du Zoroastrisme
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LANGUAGE OF THE AVESTA **>same unan
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PERSIAN DIALECTS 27" Pehlevi-Musulm
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DATE OF THE A VESTA 29Paris, 1892-3
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'THE CRIME OF " MA GICIDE " }tSasin
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fORIGIN OF THE IRANIANS 33the race
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GEOGRAPHY OF THE A VESTA 35the reli
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SEMTTIC INFLUENCES 37Greek is far m
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CHAPTER IITHE DISCOVERY AND INTERPR
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ARABIC CHAIRS FOUNDED 41according t
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THOMAS HYDE 43the Arabic Mah prefix
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ANQUETIL DU PERRON 45year above men
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ANQUETIL DU PERRON 47immediately co
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S7R WILLIAM JONES 49whence, after a
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SJR W. JONES AND ANQUETIL 51de Us e
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S/R W. JONES AND ANQUETIL 53Sir Wil
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WILLIAM JONES 55with many of them,
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VINDICATION OF ANQUETIL 57catholic
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DECIPHERMENT OF INSCRIPTIONS 59know
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DECIPHERMENT OF INSCRIPTIONS 61of t
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DECIPHERMENT OF INSCRIPTIONS 63Yet,
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ORIGIN OF PERSIAN CUNEIFORM 65From
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BURNOUF'S WORK 67and the like, in t
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"THE WAR OF THE METHODS" 69acumen,"
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PAHLA Wt INSCRIPTIONS 71The Sdsania
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HUZVARISH 73more as to the essentia
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HUZVARISH 75at." So in like manner
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RECAPITULATION 77so whatever they w
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RECAPITULATION 79language " be used
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RECA PITULA TION8 iof the third and
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MODERN DIALECTS 83added concerning
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DIALECTAL POETRY 853-Vi-shum, vdshu
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DIALECTS OF PERSIA 87Kirman, Rafsin
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A PERSONAL EXPLANATION 89(iii) The
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ACHAEMENIAN INSCRIPTIONS 91produce
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ACHMMENIAN INSCRIPTIONS 93Any obser
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THE A VESTA 95heard itsaid by Engli
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Avesta during the periodTHE A VESTA
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, THE AVESTA 99festation of the Ine
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THE AVESTA 101spiritual hierarchy.T
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PAHLAWt INSCRIPTIONS 103III.THE PAH
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PAHLA Wt L1TERA TURE 16$1. Pahlawi
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PAHLA Wt LITERA TURE 107Bridge of $
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thoughPAHLAWt LITERATURE 109the con
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THE PERSIAN EPICinsources inscripti
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DOCTORTHE PERSfAMBfcWEN MIN4SJAN,th
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THE PERSIAN EPICitsDevil, who begui
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THE PERSIAN EPIC 117the Avesta as a
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THE PERSIAN EPICas follows. The fir
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THE PERSIAN EPIC 121and professedly
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THE PERSIAN EPIC 123This Pahlawi Kh
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CHAPTER IVTHE SAsANIAN PERIOD (A.D.
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DIVINE RIGHT OF KINGS 129were withd
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BfB/ SHAHR-BANti 131Now whether thi
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BiBt SHAHR-BANll 133the Persian hat
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TOLERATION A SIN 135delivered up un
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LEGEND OF ARDASHJR 137Sasanian dyna
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LEGEND OF ARDASH/R 139Karnamak."Aft
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141Brilliantly blazing like the bri
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LEGEND OF ARDASHJR 143The next epis
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LEGEND 01^ ARDASH/R 145Hard by our
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LEGEND OF HAFTAN-BOKHT 147foot of t
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LEGEND OF HAFTAN-BdKHT 149When the
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'THE HAji-ABAD INSCRIPTION 151of th
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THE HAjI-ABAD INSCRIPTION 153We oug
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THE MANICHJEANS 155the former (nota
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THE MANICHJEANS 157corrupted thy re
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THE MANICHAEANS 159Manichasans. ...
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THE MANICHJSANS 161.presents itself
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THE MANICHAEANS 163Progress of \.(A
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THE MANICH^EANS 165standing " ;the
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MAZDAK 167reckless cruelty, nor fro
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MAZDAK 169the fourth Excursus (Uebe
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MAZDAK 171we have already seen (p.
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FALL OF THE HOUSE OF SAsAN 173no ye
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THE CHRISTIANS OF NEJRAN 175Bilqis
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"THE PEOPLE OF THE ELEPHANT" 177Whi
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seek relief from one of the two gre
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REGICIDE AND ANARCHY 181in the midd
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THE PROPHETS MESSAGE 183the doomed
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CHAPTER VTHE ARAB INVASION" DURING
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MUSLIMS BEFORE THE NEGtfSH 187of th
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THE EARLY MUSLIMS 189down his leg,
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191and tribal interests to the dema
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THE PAGAN ARABS 193And if Hudhayl b
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AL-FAKHRt'S NARRATIVE 195and their
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AL-FAKHRt'S NARRATIVE 197concealed
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AL-FAKHRJ'S NARRATIVE 199possession
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CONVERSION OF THE PERSIANS 201retai
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EARLY PERSIAN CONVERTS 203soldiers
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PERSIAN INDISPENSABLE TO ARABS 205i
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SURVIVAL OF "FIRE WORSHIP'' 207the
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CHAPTER VITHE UMAYYAD PERIOD (A.D.
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THE CALIPHATE 211the metropolis of
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THE PROPHET'S ACHIEVEMENT 213missio
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CALIPHATE OF 'UTHMAN 215UMAYYAAbul-
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MURDER OF 'UTHAlAN 217able for thei
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AND MU'AWIYA 219raise aloft on thei
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221like Tamim), and the heroes of Q
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THE KHARIJITES 223cried out, "Thou
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YAZfD 22$It was still worse when, o
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KERBELA 227devotion ;but henceforth
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REBELLION OF AL-MUKHTAR 229the murd
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CAUSES OF DISCONTENT 231sanctity of
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233it not the sole aim. But this di
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'UMAX IBN 'ABDU'L-'AZfZ 235unto men
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THE lABBASID PROPAGANDA 237outbreak
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SECTS OF THE SHPA 239Broadlyspeakin
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PRESAGES OF DISASTER 241A.D. 745, a
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THE REVOLUTION 243Abbasid, whereupo
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DISILLUS10NMENJ 245the lesser Zab b
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EFFECTS OF THE REVOLUTION 247his re
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CHAPTER VIIGENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
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CHARACTER OF 'ABBASID RULE 253all f
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THE OFFICE OF WAZtR 255tuality) lar
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THE OFFICE OF WAZ/R 257as we have s
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REVIVAL OF PERSIAN CUSTOMS 259Anoth
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CONTEMPT OF ARABS FOR LETTERS 261ob
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LITERARY PRE-EMINENCE OF PERSIANS 2
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THE SHU'tfBIYYA 265Christian than t
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PRIDE OF THE PERSIANS 267They hare
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THE SHU'tfBIYYAThe Sku'ubiyya contr
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EVOLUTION OF MUSLIM SCIENCES 271nec
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EARLIEST ARABIC PROSE 273handed on
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CHIEF WRITERS OF THIS PERIOD 275The
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CHIEF WRITERS OF THIS PERIOD 277(22
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Wfi0CHAPTER VIIITHE DEVELOPMENTS OF
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THE MWTAZILA 281Uraayyad period per
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THE DOCTRINE OF FREE WILL 283Caliph
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THE MU'TAZILA DOMINANT 285Withiq fo
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DOCTRINE OF THE MU'TAZILA 287of the
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DECLINE OF THE MU'TAZILA 289but see
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AL-ASH'ARf 291and its siteploughed
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THE IKHWANU 'S-SAFA 293of the 'Abba
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THE ORTHODOX SCHOOLS 295Persian des
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THE EARLY StfF/Swritten with the so
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THE EARLY StfF/S 299sharply with th
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ORIGIN OF SUF1ISM 301not convinced
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THE SABAEANS 303their hair extremel
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THE SYRIANS OF HARRAN 30$great tran
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HERESY IN FASHION- 307says: "Philos
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BIH-AFARfDH 309he had beheld him de
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THE ULTRA-SHf'ITES 311[who believe
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SINBADH "THE MAGIAN" 313followers o
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THE RAWANDIYYA 315Fihnst (p. 345) h
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USTADHS/3places, believing that the
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"THE VEILED PROPHET" 319al-Muqanna'
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"THE VEILED PROPHET" 321"This verse
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BABAK AL-KHURRAMf 323teenth century
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BABAK AL-KHURRAMf* 325went forth in
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BABAK AL-KHURRAMf 327" 'So when it
Page 351 and 352: EXECUTION OF BABAK 329the Khurramis
Page 353 and 354: THE TRIAL OF AFSH/N 331two others w
Page 355 and 356: THE TRIAL OF AFSHfN 333" what means
Page 357 and 358: THE TRIAL OF AFSHiN 335flies ' (mea
Page 359: BOOK IVON THE FIRST PERIOD OF THE D
Page 362 and 363: 340 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATEand sti
Page 364 and 365: 342 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATETurkish
Page 366 and 367: 344 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATEbadges,
Page 368 and 369: 346 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATEIt was
Page 370 and 371: 348 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATEfounded
Page 372 and 373: 350 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATEslaves
Page 374 and 375: DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATE" " Occulta
Page 376 and 377: '-354 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATEThe s
Page 378 and 379: 356 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATERawdhak
Page 380 and 381: 358 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATEardent
Page 382 and 383: 360- DECLINE >OF THE CALIPHATEdynas
Page 384 and 385: 362 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATE"Those
Page 386 and 387: 364 DECLINE OP THE CALIPHATEmay men
Page 388 and 389: 366 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATEthe sam
Page 390 and 391: '368 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATECarmat
Page 392 and 393: 3/0 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATE>others
Page 394 and 395: 372of Islam. This Sabuktagin was or
Page 396 and 397: 374 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATEwith ea
Page 398 and 399: 376 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATEof Isld
Page 400 and 401: 378 THE STATE OF MUSLIM LITERATUREo
Page 404 and 405: .ii.382 THE STATE OF MUSLIM LITERAT
Page 406 and 407: 384 THE STATE OF MUSLIM LITERATUREh
Page 408 and 409: 386 THE STATE OF MUSLIM LITERATUREF
Page 410 and 411: 388 THE STATE OF MUSLIM LITERATUREH
Page 412 and 413: 390 THE STATE OF MUSLIM LITERATUREo
Page 414 and 415: 392 THE ISMAlLi SECT(especially tho
Page 416 and 417: 394 ^HE ISMA'/Lf SECTMaymtin al-Qad
Page 418 and 419: 1 a'396 THE ISMAfli SECTtheir oppre
Page 420 and 421: 398 THE ISMA'JLI SECTof Syria was i
Page 422 and 423: 400 THE ISMA'JLf SECTwhile, on the
Page 424 and 425: 402 THE iSMAlLt SECTafter this (A.D
Page 426 and 427: 404set in its place, to the infinit
Page 428 and 429: 406 THE ISMA'lLf SECTTo Europeans t
Page 430 and 431: 408 THE ISMAIL! SECT("owing allegia
Page 432 and 433: 410 THE ISMAiLJ SECT5. Space, or Pl
Page 434 and 435: 412 THE ISMAfLI SECTthat the skins
Page 436 and 437: 4HTHE ISMAftf SECTnot the last of t
Page 438 and 439: CHAPTER XIIIRELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS OF
Page 440 and 441: 4J8THE StfFf MYSTICISMcame into use
Page 442 and 443: 420 THE $tfFI MYSTICISMan enormous
Page 444 and 445: 422 THE StfFf MYSTICISMthan the gre
Page 446 and 447: 424 THE StfFf MYSTICISMthe Turkish
Page 448 and 449: 426 THE $tfFJ MYSTICISMSayings of S
Page 450 and 451: 428 THE Sl)Fl MYSTICISMregarding Go
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430 THE SIJF1 MYSTICISMin one of th
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432 THE StiFI MYSTICISMpurpose ;whi
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434 THE StfFf MYSTICISMwoman named
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436 THE StfFl MYSTICISMAdh-Dhahabi
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438 THE StfFf MYSTICISMstudy, espec
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440 THE SUFI MYSTICISMreveals the N
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442 THE StfFf MYSTICISMescape from
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444 THE SI)Ft MYSTICISMthere are le
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446 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIA(includ
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448 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIArare ma
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450 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAwriting
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452 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAJ. B. E
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454 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAthough
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456 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAagrees
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458 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAThou mi
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460 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAits san
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462 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIABut for
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464 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAHamada'
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466 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAAbu Bak
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468 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIASeven m
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470 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAAth-Tha
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472 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAmetrica
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474 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAKalila
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476 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAArabic
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478 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAruary 1
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480 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIATo thos
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482 BIBLIOGRAPHYin Geiger and Kuhn'
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484 BIBLIOGRAPHYI16. G. Ravvlinson'
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486 BIBLIOGRAPHY40. C. de Harlez :
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BIBLIOGRAPHY62. Dr. W.Wright: The C
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490 BIBLIOGRAPHY*8o.Wellhausen's Mt
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492 BIBLIOGRAPHY105. Von Hammer :Hi
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494 BIBLIOGRAPHY/-. 'Ushshdq (" Lov
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496 BIBLIOGRAPHYLatinum Etymologicu
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498 INDEXAdhar- (Atur-) Farnbag, so
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5ooINDEXAvestic language (so-called
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502 INDEXChrist See ?*$ (
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504 INDEXFargard (chapters of Vendi
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506 INDEXHebrew. language. 40, 41,
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508 INDEX-Juybari, Abu Ishaq Ibrahi
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INDEXBO considered,;246 Fatimid, 39
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512 INDEXMuhitu'J-Multit (Arabic Di
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5'4 INDEXPersian literature, Birth
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INDEXSaint-Martin, 65-Sarvi (or-Sar
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INDEXTmmm \\rntS** Tm~rtmim (fa*i !
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52OINDEXSttfiWool typifying renunci
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