A literary history of Persia

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294 RELIGION AND PHILOSOPHYerectly adapted to the Muhammadan theology. From everyschool he sought the means of shedding light and honour uponreligion, while his sincere piety and lofty conscientiousnessimparted to all his writings a sacred majesty. He was thefirst of Muhammadan divines." Dieterici, on the other hand,judges him *" 1harshly.As a" despairing sceptic," says he, hesprings suicidally into the All-God the[*.
THE ORTHODOX SCHOOLS 295Persian descent. 1 Malik was born at Madfna in A.D. 713 or714, and died in 795. He was cruelly flogged by al-Mansurfor suspected disaffection towards the 'Abbasid "dynasty ; fromwhich time," says Ibn 2 Khallikin, ." he rose higher and higherin public estimation, so that the punishment he underwentseemed as if it had been an honour conferred upon him."Ash-Shan" 'i was an Arab of the tribe of Quraysh, was born inthe year (some say3 on the very day) of Abu Hanifa's decease,and died at Cairo in A.D. 820.Lastly,Ahmad b. Hanbal, anative of Merv, but apparently of Arab race, was born inA.D. 780, and died at Baghdad in 855. He was the favouritepupil of ash-Shafi'i, who said, on setting out for Egypt, " Iwent forth from Baghdad leaving behind me no more piousman and no better jurisconsult than Ibn Hanbal."4 To hissteadfast courage in refusing to admit that the Qur'an wascreated allusion has already been made.These are the four " Imams " of the orthodox Sunnites, andthe schools which they founded differ but in minor points, andare on good terms with one another. The Hanadoxschools fite school prevails inTurkey, the Malikite inot tlic Sunnis. .,, -,. , rt _.Morocco, the Shafnte in . Egypt and Arabia, andthe Hanbalite in some parts of Africa. All are held in equalcontempt by the Shic ites ;and Ndsir-i-Khusraw, the greatIsma'ili poet and propagandist of the eleventh century of ourera, goes so far as to accuse them of sanctioning the mostdetestable vices 5 a charge which, save in so far as concerns thealleged crudely anthropomorphic tendencies of the Hanbalites,merits no serious consideration.Of the Shi'ites it will be more convenient to speak at lengthThe Shi'itcs.in a subsequent chapter, but it'may be noted thatthe great.schism which divided them into the'1See de Slane's translation of Ibn Khallikan, vol. iii, p. 555.'Ibid., vol. ii, p. 547. This probably occurred in A.D. 764-5.3 Ibid., vol. ii, p. 571. Ibid., vol. i, p. 44.* See his Diwdn, lithographed at Tabriz in A.H. 1280, pp. 115 and 209.Cf. Dozy's Islamistne, pp. 441-443.
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. andA Literary Historyof PersiaFro
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A Literary Historyof PersiaFrom the
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StackAnnexPtPrefaceFOR many yearsI
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PREFACEixdown to the Mongol Invasio
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PREFACExl7f," says a well-known Eas
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xivCONTENTSCHAPTERVII.BOOK IIION TH
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CHAPTER IINTRODUCTORYTHIS book, as
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THE OLD PERSIAN LANGUAGE 5in the th
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PERIODS OF THE PERSIAN LANGUAGE 7Pd
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DISUSE OF PAHLAWt SCRIPT $Armenian
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BEGINNINGS OF MODERN PERSIAN 11char
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BEGINNINGS OF PERSIAN POETRY 13glee
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BARBAD THE MINSTREL 15were transcri
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BARBAD AND RtfDAGt I?"When Rudagi r
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THE MEDES 19now enter is, unfortuna
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THE MEDES 21and disclosed by Mordec
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THE MEDES 23bcrceau du Zoroastrisme
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LANGUAGE OF THE AVESTA **>same unan
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PERSIAN DIALECTS 27" Pehlevi-Musulm
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DATE OF THE A VESTA 29Paris, 1892-3
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'THE CRIME OF " MA GICIDE " }tSasin
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fORIGIN OF THE IRANIANS 33the race
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GEOGRAPHY OF THE A VESTA 35the reli
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SEMTTIC INFLUENCES 37Greek is far m
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CHAPTER IITHE DISCOVERY AND INTERPR
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ARABIC CHAIRS FOUNDED 41according t
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THOMAS HYDE 43the Arabic Mah prefix
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ANQUETIL DU PERRON 45year above men
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ANQUETIL DU PERRON 47immediately co
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S7R WILLIAM JONES 49whence, after a
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SJR W. JONES AND ANQUETIL 51de Us e
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S/R W. JONES AND ANQUETIL 53Sir Wil
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WILLIAM JONES 55with many of them,
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VINDICATION OF ANQUETIL 57catholic
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DECIPHERMENT OF INSCRIPTIONS 59know
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DECIPHERMENT OF INSCRIPTIONS 61of t
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DECIPHERMENT OF INSCRIPTIONS 63Yet,
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ORIGIN OF PERSIAN CUNEIFORM 65From
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BURNOUF'S WORK 67and the like, in t
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"THE WAR OF THE METHODS" 69acumen,"
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PAHLA Wt INSCRIPTIONS 71The Sdsania
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HUZVARISH 73more as to the essentia
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HUZVARISH 75at." So in like manner
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RECAPITULATION 77so whatever they w
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RECAPITULATION 79language " be used
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RECA PITULA TION8 iof the third and
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MODERN DIALECTS 83added concerning
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DIALECTAL POETRY 853-Vi-shum, vdshu
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DIALECTS OF PERSIA 87Kirman, Rafsin
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A PERSONAL EXPLANATION 89(iii) The
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ACHAEMENIAN INSCRIPTIONS 91produce
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ACHMMENIAN INSCRIPTIONS 93Any obser
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THE A VESTA 95heard itsaid by Engli
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Avesta during the periodTHE A VESTA
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, THE AVESTA 99festation of the Ine
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THE AVESTA 101spiritual hierarchy.T
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PAHLAWt INSCRIPTIONS 103III.THE PAH
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PAHLA Wt L1TERA TURE 16$1. Pahlawi
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PAHLA Wt LITERA TURE 107Bridge of $
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thoughPAHLAWt LITERATURE 109the con
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THE PERSIAN EPICinsources inscripti
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DOCTORTHE PERSfAMBfcWEN MIN4SJAN,th
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THE PERSIAN EPICitsDevil, who begui
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THE PERSIAN EPIC 117the Avesta as a
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THE PERSIAN EPICas follows. The fir
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THE PERSIAN EPIC 121and professedly
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THE PERSIAN EPIC 123This Pahlawi Kh
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CHAPTER IVTHE SAsANIAN PERIOD (A.D.
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DIVINE RIGHT OF KINGS 129were withd
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BfB/ SHAHR-BANti 131Now whether thi
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BiBt SHAHR-BANll 133the Persian hat
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TOLERATION A SIN 135delivered up un
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LEGEND OF ARDASHJR 137Sasanian dyna
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LEGEND OF ARDASH/R 139Karnamak."Aft
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141Brilliantly blazing like the bri
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LEGEND OF ARDASHJR 143The next epis
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LEGEND 01^ ARDASH/R 145Hard by our
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LEGEND OF HAFTAN-BOKHT 147foot of t
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LEGEND OF HAFTAN-BdKHT 149When the
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'THE HAji-ABAD INSCRIPTION 151of th
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THE HAjI-ABAD INSCRIPTION 153We oug
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THE MANICHJEANS 155the former (nota
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THE MANICHJEANS 157corrupted thy re
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THE MANICHAEANS 159Manichasans. ...
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THE MANICHJSANS 161.presents itself
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THE MANICHAEANS 163Progress of \.(A
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THE MANICH^EANS 165standing " ;the
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MAZDAK 167reckless cruelty, nor fro
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MAZDAK 169the fourth Excursus (Uebe
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MAZDAK 171we have already seen (p.
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FALL OF THE HOUSE OF SAsAN 173no ye
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THE CHRISTIANS OF NEJRAN 175Bilqis
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"THE PEOPLE OF THE ELEPHANT" 177Whi
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seek relief from one of the two gre
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REGICIDE AND ANARCHY 181in the midd
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THE PROPHETS MESSAGE 183the doomed
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CHAPTER VTHE ARAB INVASION" DURING
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MUSLIMS BEFORE THE NEGtfSH 187of th
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THE EARLY MUSLIMS 189down his leg,
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191and tribal interests to the dema
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THE PAGAN ARABS 193And if Hudhayl b
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AL-FAKHRt'S NARRATIVE 195and their
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AL-FAKHRt'S NARRATIVE 197concealed
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AL-FAKHRJ'S NARRATIVE 199possession
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CONVERSION OF THE PERSIANS 201retai
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EARLY PERSIAN CONVERTS 203soldiers
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PERSIAN INDISPENSABLE TO ARABS 205i
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SURVIVAL OF "FIRE WORSHIP'' 207the
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CHAPTER VITHE UMAYYAD PERIOD (A.D.
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THE CALIPHATE 211the metropolis of
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THE PROPHET'S ACHIEVEMENT 213missio
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CALIPHATE OF 'UTHMAN 215UMAYYAAbul-
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MURDER OF 'UTHAlAN 217able for thei
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AND MU'AWIYA 219raise aloft on thei
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221like Tamim), and the heroes of Q
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THE KHARIJITES 223cried out, "Thou
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YAZfD 22$It was still worse when, o
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KERBELA 227devotion ;but henceforth
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REBELLION OF AL-MUKHTAR 229the murd
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CAUSES OF DISCONTENT 231sanctity of
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233it not the sole aim. But this di
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'UMAX IBN 'ABDU'L-'AZfZ 235unto men
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THE lABBASID PROPAGANDA 237outbreak
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SECTS OF THE SHPA 239Broadlyspeakin
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PRESAGES OF DISASTER 241A.D. 745, a
Page 265 and 266: THE REVOLUTION 243Abbasid, whereupo
Page 267 and 268: DISILLUS10NMENJ 245the lesser Zab b
Page 269: EFFECTS OF THE REVOLUTION 247his re
Page 273 and 274: CHAPTER VIIGENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
Page 275 and 276: CHARACTER OF 'ABBASID RULE 253all f
Page 277 and 278: THE OFFICE OF WAZtR 255tuality) lar
Page 279 and 280: THE OFFICE OF WAZ/R 257as we have s
Page 281 and 282: REVIVAL OF PERSIAN CUSTOMS 259Anoth
Page 283 and 284: CONTEMPT OF ARABS FOR LETTERS 261ob
Page 285 and 286: LITERARY PRE-EMINENCE OF PERSIANS 2
Page 287 and 288: THE SHU'tfBIYYA 265Christian than t
Page 289 and 290: PRIDE OF THE PERSIANS 267They hare
Page 291 and 292: THE SHU'tfBIYYAThe Sku'ubiyya contr
Page 293 and 294: EVOLUTION OF MUSLIM SCIENCES 271nec
Page 295 and 296: EARLIEST ARABIC PROSE 273handed on
Page 297 and 298: CHIEF WRITERS OF THIS PERIOD 275The
Page 299 and 300: CHIEF WRITERS OF THIS PERIOD 277(22
Page 301 and 302: Wfi0CHAPTER VIIITHE DEVELOPMENTS OF
Page 303 and 304: THE MWTAZILA 281Uraayyad period per
Page 305 and 306: THE DOCTRINE OF FREE WILL 283Caliph
Page 307 and 308: THE MU'TAZILA DOMINANT 285Withiq fo
Page 309 and 310: DOCTRINE OF THE MU'TAZILA 287of the
Page 311 and 312: DECLINE OF THE MU'TAZILA 289but see
Page 313 and 314: AL-ASH'ARf 291and its siteploughed
Page 315: THE IKHWANU 'S-SAFA 293of the 'Abba
Page 319 and 320: THE EARLY StfF/Swritten with the so
Page 321 and 322: THE EARLY StfF/S 299sharply with th
Page 323 and 324: ORIGIN OF SUF1ISM 301not convinced
Page 325 and 326: THE SABAEANS 303their hair extremel
Page 327 and 328: THE SYRIANS OF HARRAN 30$great tran
Page 329 and 330: HERESY IN FASHION- 307says: "Philos
Page 331 and 332: BIH-AFARfDH 309he had beheld him de
Page 333 and 334: THE ULTRA-SHf'ITES 311[who believe
Page 335 and 336: SINBADH "THE MAGIAN" 313followers o
Page 337 and 338: THE RAWANDIYYA 315Fihnst (p. 345) h
Page 339 and 340: USTADHS/3places, believing that the
Page 341 and 342: "THE VEILED PROPHET" 319al-Muqanna'
Page 343 and 344: "THE VEILED PROPHET" 321"This verse
Page 345 and 346: BABAK AL-KHURRAMf 323teenth century
Page 347 and 348: BABAK AL-KHURRAMf* 325went forth in
Page 349 and 350: BABAK AL-KHURRAMf 327" 'So when it
Page 351 and 352: EXECUTION OF BABAK 329the Khurramis
Page 353 and 354: THE TRIAL OF AFSH/N 331two others w
Page 355 and 356: THE TRIAL OF AFSHfN 333" what means
Page 357 and 358: THE TRIAL OF AFSHiN 335flies ' (mea
Page 359: BOOK IVON THE FIRST PERIOD OF THE D
Page 362 and 363: 340 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATEand sti
Page 364 and 365: 342 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATETurkish
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344 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATEbadges,
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346 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATEIt was
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348 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATEfounded
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350 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATEslaves
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DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATE" " Occulta
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'-354 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATEThe s
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356 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATERawdhak
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358 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATEardent
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360- DECLINE >OF THE CALIPHATEdynas
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362 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATE"Those
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364 DECLINE OP THE CALIPHATEmay men
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366 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATEthe sam
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'368 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATECarmat
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3/0 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATE>others
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372of Islam. This Sabuktagin was or
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374 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATEwith ea
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376 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATEof Isld
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378 THE STATE OF MUSLIM LITERATUREo
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380 THE STATE OF MUSLIM LITERATUREI
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.ii.382 THE STATE OF MUSLIM LITERAT
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384 THE STATE OF MUSLIM LITERATUREh
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386 THE STATE OF MUSLIM LITERATUREF
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388 THE STATE OF MUSLIM LITERATUREH
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390 THE STATE OF MUSLIM LITERATUREo
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392 THE ISMAlLi SECT(especially tho
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394 ^HE ISMA'/Lf SECTMaymtin al-Qad
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1 a'396 THE ISMAfli SECTtheir oppre
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398 THE ISMA'JLI SECTof Syria was i
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400 THE ISMA'JLf SECTwhile, on the
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402 THE iSMAlLt SECTafter this (A.D
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404set in its place, to the infinit
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406 THE ISMA'lLf SECTTo Europeans t
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408 THE ISMAIL! SECT("owing allegia
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410 THE ISMAiLJ SECT5. Space, or Pl
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412 THE ISMAfLI SECTthat the skins
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4HTHE ISMAftf SECTnot the last of t
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CHAPTER XIIIRELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS OF
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4J8THE StfFf MYSTICISMcame into use
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420 THE $tfFI MYSTICISMan enormous
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422 THE StfFf MYSTICISMthan the gre
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424 THE StfFf MYSTICISMthe Turkish
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426 THE $tfFJ MYSTICISMSayings of S
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428 THE Sl)Fl MYSTICISMregarding Go
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430 THE SIJF1 MYSTICISMin one of th
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432 THE StiFI MYSTICISMpurpose ;whi
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434 THE StfFf MYSTICISMwoman named
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436 THE StfFl MYSTICISMAdh-Dhahabi
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438 THE StfFf MYSTICISMstudy, espec
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440 THE SUFI MYSTICISMreveals the N
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442 THE StfFf MYSTICISMescape from
Page 466 and 467:
444 THE SI)Ft MYSTICISMthere are le
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446 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIA(includ
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448 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIArare ma
Page 472 and 473:
450 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAwriting
Page 474 and 475:
452 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAJ. B. E
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454 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAthough
Page 478 and 479:
456 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAagrees
Page 480 and 481:
458 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAThou mi
Page 482 and 483:
460 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAits san
Page 484 and 485:
462 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIABut for
Page 486 and 487:
464 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAHamada'
Page 488 and 489:
466 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAAbu Bak
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468 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIASeven m
Page 492 and 493:
470 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAAth-Tha
Page 494 and 495:
472 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAmetrica
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474 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAKalila
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476 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAArabic
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478 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAruary 1
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480 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIATo thos
Page 504 and 505:
482 BIBLIOGRAPHYin Geiger and Kuhn'
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484 BIBLIOGRAPHYI16. G. Ravvlinson'
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486 BIBLIOGRAPHY40. C. de Harlez :
Page 510 and 511:
BIBLIOGRAPHY62. Dr. W.Wright: The C
Page 512 and 513:
490 BIBLIOGRAPHY*8o.Wellhausen's Mt
Page 514 and 515:
492 BIBLIOGRAPHY105. Von Hammer :Hi
Page 516 and 517:
494 BIBLIOGRAPHY/-. 'Ushshdq (" Lov
Page 518 and 519:
496 BIBLIOGRAPHYLatinum Etymologicu
Page 520 and 521:
498 INDEXAdhar- (Atur-) Farnbag, so
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5ooINDEXAvestic language (so-called
Page 524 and 525:
502 INDEXChrist See ?*$ (
Page 526 and 527:
504 INDEXFargard (chapters of Vendi
Page 528 and 529:
506 INDEXHebrew. language. 40, 41,
Page 530 and 531:
508 INDEX-Juybari, Abu Ishaq Ibrahi
Page 532 and 533:
INDEXBO considered,;246 Fatimid, 39
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512 INDEXMuhitu'J-Multit (Arabic Di
Page 536 and 537:
5'4 INDEXPersian literature, Birth
Page 538 and 539:
INDEXSaint-Martin, 65-Sarvi (or-Sar
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INDEXTmmm \\rntS** Tm~rtmim (fa*i !
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52OINDEXSttfiWool typifying renunci
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University of CaliforniaSOUTHERN RE
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