A literary history of Persia

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154 THE SASANIAN PERIOD2. Manes and the Manicheeans.At the end of the Parthian period, in the fourth year otKing Ardawan (A.D. 215-216), as we learn from the Chronologyof Ancient Nations (Sachau's translation, p. 121) ofMa h ' stne learned al-Birunid"trine(early eleventh century),was born Manes, or Mani, the founder of theManichaean religiona religion which, notwithstanding thefierce persecutions to which it was exposedboth in the Eastand the West, alike at the hands of Zoroastrians and Christians,from the very moment of itsappearance until the exterminationof the unfortunate Albigenses in the thirteenth century,continued for centuries to count numerous adherents, and toexercise an immense influence on religious thought both inAsia and Europe.In the system which he founded Manes was essentiallyeclectic but ; though he drew materials both from the ancientBabylonian and from the Buddhist religions,his main endeavourwas, as Gibbon has " said, to reconcile the doctrines of Zoroasterand Christ," an attempt which resulted in his being " pursuedby the two religions with equal and unrelenting hatred." Hissystem, however, is to be regarded rather as a ChristianisedZoroastrianism than as a Zoroastrianised Christianity,since hewas certainlya Persian subject, and probably at least half aPersian ;wrote one of his books (the Shaburqan, or Shahpuhrakan^characterised bythe Muhammadan al-Biruni as"of all Persian books one thatmay be relied upon," since"Mani in his law has forbidden telling lies,and he had noneed whatever for falsifying history ") in Persian forKingShapur, whose conversion he hoped to effect, and was finallyput to a cruel death by one of Shapur's successors. 1The sources of our information about the life, doctrines, andwritings of Manes are both Eastern and Western, and since1Hormuzd, Bahram I or Bahrain II (see Noldeke's Qcsch. d. Sasan,,p. 47, n. 5 ad calc.).
THE MANICHJEANS 155the former (notably the Fihrist, a/-Btruni tIbn Wadih al-Ta'qiibi and Shahrhtanl J have been made it) accessible, hasbeen generally recognised that the information^wkdge which
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. andA Literary Historyof PersiaFro
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A Literary Historyof PersiaFrom the
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StackAnnexPtPrefaceFOR many yearsI
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PREFACEixdown to the Mongol Invasio
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PREFACExl7f," says a well-known Eas
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xivCONTENTSCHAPTERVII.BOOK IIION TH
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CHAPTER IINTRODUCTORYTHIS book, as
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THE OLD PERSIAN LANGUAGE 5in the th
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PERIODS OF THE PERSIAN LANGUAGE 7Pd
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DISUSE OF PAHLAWt SCRIPT $Armenian
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BEGINNINGS OF MODERN PERSIAN 11char
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BEGINNINGS OF PERSIAN POETRY 13glee
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BARBAD THE MINSTREL 15were transcri
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BARBAD AND RtfDAGt I?"When Rudagi r
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THE MEDES 19now enter is, unfortuna
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THE MEDES 21and disclosed by Mordec
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THE MEDES 23bcrceau du Zoroastrisme
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LANGUAGE OF THE AVESTA **>same unan
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PERSIAN DIALECTS 27" Pehlevi-Musulm
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DATE OF THE A VESTA 29Paris, 1892-3
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'THE CRIME OF " MA GICIDE " }tSasin
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fORIGIN OF THE IRANIANS 33the race
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GEOGRAPHY OF THE A VESTA 35the reli
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SEMTTIC INFLUENCES 37Greek is far m
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CHAPTER IITHE DISCOVERY AND INTERPR
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ARABIC CHAIRS FOUNDED 41according t
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THOMAS HYDE 43the Arabic Mah prefix
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ANQUETIL DU PERRON 45year above men
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ANQUETIL DU PERRON 47immediately co
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S7R WILLIAM JONES 49whence, after a
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SJR W. JONES AND ANQUETIL 51de Us e
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S/R W. JONES AND ANQUETIL 53Sir Wil
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WILLIAM JONES 55with many of them,
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VINDICATION OF ANQUETIL 57catholic
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DECIPHERMENT OF INSCRIPTIONS 59know
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DECIPHERMENT OF INSCRIPTIONS 61of t
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DECIPHERMENT OF INSCRIPTIONS 63Yet,
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ORIGIN OF PERSIAN CUNEIFORM 65From
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BURNOUF'S WORK 67and the like, in t
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"THE WAR OF THE METHODS" 69acumen,"
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PAHLA Wt INSCRIPTIONS 71The Sdsania
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HUZVARISH 73more as to the essentia
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HUZVARISH 75at." So in like manner
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RECAPITULATION 77so whatever they w
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RECAPITULATION 79language " be used
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RECA PITULA TION8 iof the third and
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MODERN DIALECTS 83added concerning
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DIALECTAL POETRY 853-Vi-shum, vdshu
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DIALECTS OF PERSIA 87Kirman, Rafsin
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A PERSONAL EXPLANATION 89(iii) The
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ACHAEMENIAN INSCRIPTIONS 91produce
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ACHMMENIAN INSCRIPTIONS 93Any obser
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THE A VESTA 95heard itsaid by Engli
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Avesta during the periodTHE A VESTA
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, THE AVESTA 99festation of the Ine
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THE AVESTA 101spiritual hierarchy.T
Page 125 and 126: PAHLAWt INSCRIPTIONS 103III.THE PAH
Page 127 and 128: PAHLA Wt L1TERA TURE 16$1. Pahlawi
Page 129 and 130: PAHLA Wt LITERA TURE 107Bridge of $
Page 131 and 132: thoughPAHLAWt LITERATURE 109the con
Page 133 and 134: THE PERSIAN EPICinsources inscripti
Page 135 and 136: DOCTORTHE PERSfAMBfcWEN MIN4SJAN,th
Page 137 and 138: THE PERSIAN EPICitsDevil, who begui
Page 139 and 140: THE PERSIAN EPIC 117the Avesta as a
Page 141 and 142: THE PERSIAN EPICas follows. The fir
Page 143 and 144: THE PERSIAN EPIC 121and professedly
Page 145: THE PERSIAN EPIC 123This Pahlawi Kh
Page 149 and 150: CHAPTER IVTHE SAsANIAN PERIOD (A.D.
Page 151 and 152: DIVINE RIGHT OF KINGS 129were withd
Page 153 and 154: BfB/ SHAHR-BANti 131Now whether thi
Page 155 and 156: BiBt SHAHR-BANll 133the Persian hat
Page 157 and 158: TOLERATION A SIN 135delivered up un
Page 159 and 160: LEGEND OF ARDASHJR 137Sasanian dyna
Page 161 and 162: LEGEND OF ARDASH/R 139Karnamak."Aft
Page 163 and 164: 141Brilliantly blazing like the bri
Page 165 and 166: LEGEND OF ARDASHJR 143The next epis
Page 167 and 168: LEGEND 01^ ARDASH/R 145Hard by our
Page 169 and 170: LEGEND OF HAFTAN-BOKHT 147foot of t
Page 171 and 172: LEGEND OF HAFTAN-BdKHT 149When the
Page 173 and 174: 'THE HAji-ABAD INSCRIPTION 151of th
Page 175: THE HAjI-ABAD INSCRIPTION 153We oug
Page 179 and 180: THE MANICHJEANS 157corrupted thy re
Page 181 and 182: THE MANICHAEANS 159Manichasans. ...
Page 183 and 184: THE MANICHJSANS 161.presents itself
Page 185 and 186: THE MANICHAEANS 163Progress of \.(A
Page 187 and 188: THE MANICH^EANS 165standing " ;the
Page 189 and 190: MAZDAK 167reckless cruelty, nor fro
Page 191 and 192: MAZDAK 169the fourth Excursus (Uebe
Page 193 and 194: MAZDAK 171we have already seen (p.
Page 195 and 196: FALL OF THE HOUSE OF SAsAN 173no ye
Page 197 and 198: THE CHRISTIANS OF NEJRAN 175Bilqis
Page 199 and 200: "THE PEOPLE OF THE ELEPHANT" 177Whi
Page 201 and 202: seek relief from one of the two gre
Page 203 and 204: REGICIDE AND ANARCHY 181in the midd
Page 205 and 206: THE PROPHETS MESSAGE 183the doomed
Page 207 and 208: CHAPTER VTHE ARAB INVASION" DURING
Page 209 and 210: MUSLIMS BEFORE THE NEGtfSH 187of th
Page 211 and 212: THE EARLY MUSLIMS 189down his leg,
Page 213 and 214: 191and tribal interests to the dema
Page 215 and 216: THE PAGAN ARABS 193And if Hudhayl b
Page 217 and 218: AL-FAKHRt'S NARRATIVE 195and their
Page 219 and 220: AL-FAKHRt'S NARRATIVE 197concealed
Page 221 and 222: AL-FAKHRJ'S NARRATIVE 199possession
Page 223 and 224: CONVERSION OF THE PERSIANS 201retai
Page 225 and 226: EARLY PERSIAN CONVERTS 203soldiers
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PERSIAN INDISPENSABLE TO ARABS 205i
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SURVIVAL OF "FIRE WORSHIP'' 207the
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CHAPTER VITHE UMAYYAD PERIOD (A.D.
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THE CALIPHATE 211the metropolis of
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THE PROPHET'S ACHIEVEMENT 213missio
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CALIPHATE OF 'UTHMAN 215UMAYYAAbul-
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MURDER OF 'UTHAlAN 217able for thei
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AND MU'AWIYA 219raise aloft on thei
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221like Tamim), and the heroes of Q
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THE KHARIJITES 223cried out, "Thou
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YAZfD 22$It was still worse when, o
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KERBELA 227devotion ;but henceforth
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REBELLION OF AL-MUKHTAR 229the murd
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CAUSES OF DISCONTENT 231sanctity of
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233it not the sole aim. But this di
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'UMAX IBN 'ABDU'L-'AZfZ 235unto men
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THE lABBASID PROPAGANDA 237outbreak
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SECTS OF THE SHPA 239Broadlyspeakin
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PRESAGES OF DISASTER 241A.D. 745, a
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THE REVOLUTION 243Abbasid, whereupo
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DISILLUS10NMENJ 245the lesser Zab b
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EFFECTS OF THE REVOLUTION 247his re
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CHAPTER VIIGENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
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CHARACTER OF 'ABBASID RULE 253all f
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THE OFFICE OF WAZtR 255tuality) lar
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THE OFFICE OF WAZ/R 257as we have s
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REVIVAL OF PERSIAN CUSTOMS 259Anoth
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CONTEMPT OF ARABS FOR LETTERS 261ob
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LITERARY PRE-EMINENCE OF PERSIANS 2
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THE SHU'tfBIYYA 265Christian than t
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PRIDE OF THE PERSIANS 267They hare
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THE SHU'tfBIYYAThe Sku'ubiyya contr
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EVOLUTION OF MUSLIM SCIENCES 271nec
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EARLIEST ARABIC PROSE 273handed on
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CHIEF WRITERS OF THIS PERIOD 275The
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CHIEF WRITERS OF THIS PERIOD 277(22
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Wfi0CHAPTER VIIITHE DEVELOPMENTS OF
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THE MWTAZILA 281Uraayyad period per
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THE DOCTRINE OF FREE WILL 283Caliph
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THE MU'TAZILA DOMINANT 285Withiq fo
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DOCTRINE OF THE MU'TAZILA 287of the
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DECLINE OF THE MU'TAZILA 289but see
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AL-ASH'ARf 291and its siteploughed
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THE IKHWANU 'S-SAFA 293of the 'Abba
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THE ORTHODOX SCHOOLS 295Persian des
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THE EARLY StfF/Swritten with the so
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THE EARLY StfF/S 299sharply with th
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ORIGIN OF SUF1ISM 301not convinced
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THE SABAEANS 303their hair extremel
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THE SYRIANS OF HARRAN 30$great tran
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HERESY IN FASHION- 307says: "Philos
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BIH-AFARfDH 309he had beheld him de
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THE ULTRA-SHf'ITES 311[who believe
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SINBADH "THE MAGIAN" 313followers o
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THE RAWANDIYYA 315Fihnst (p. 345) h
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USTADHS/3places, believing that the
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"THE VEILED PROPHET" 319al-Muqanna'
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"THE VEILED PROPHET" 321"This verse
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BABAK AL-KHURRAMf 323teenth century
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BABAK AL-KHURRAMf* 325went forth in
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BABAK AL-KHURRAMf 327" 'So when it
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EXECUTION OF BABAK 329the Khurramis
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THE TRIAL OF AFSH/N 331two others w
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THE TRIAL OF AFSHfN 333" what means
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THE TRIAL OF AFSHiN 335flies ' (mea
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BOOK IVON THE FIRST PERIOD OF THE D
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340 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATEand sti
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342 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATETurkish
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344 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATEbadges,
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346 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATEIt was
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348 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATEfounded
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350 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATEslaves
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DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATE" " Occulta
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'-354 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATEThe s
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356 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATERawdhak
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358 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATEardent
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360- DECLINE >OF THE CALIPHATEdynas
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362 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATE"Those
Page 386 and 387:
364 DECLINE OP THE CALIPHATEmay men
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366 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATEthe sam
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'368 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATECarmat
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3/0 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATE>others
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372of Islam. This Sabuktagin was or
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374 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATEwith ea
Page 398 and 399:
376 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATEof Isld
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378 THE STATE OF MUSLIM LITERATUREo
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380 THE STATE OF MUSLIM LITERATUREI
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.ii.382 THE STATE OF MUSLIM LITERAT
Page 406 and 407:
384 THE STATE OF MUSLIM LITERATUREh
Page 408 and 409:
386 THE STATE OF MUSLIM LITERATUREF
Page 410 and 411:
388 THE STATE OF MUSLIM LITERATUREH
Page 412 and 413:
390 THE STATE OF MUSLIM LITERATUREo
Page 414 and 415:
392 THE ISMAlLi SECT(especially tho
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394 ^HE ISMA'/Lf SECTMaymtin al-Qad
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1 a'396 THE ISMAfli SECTtheir oppre
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398 THE ISMA'JLI SECTof Syria was i
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400 THE ISMA'JLf SECTwhile, on the
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402 THE iSMAlLt SECTafter this (A.D
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404set in its place, to the infinit
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406 THE ISMA'lLf SECTTo Europeans t
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408 THE ISMAIL! SECT("owing allegia
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410 THE ISMAiLJ SECT5. Space, or Pl
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412 THE ISMAfLI SECTthat the skins
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4HTHE ISMAftf SECTnot the last of t
Page 438 and 439:
CHAPTER XIIIRELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS OF
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4J8THE StfFf MYSTICISMcame into use
Page 442 and 443:
420 THE $tfFI MYSTICISMan enormous
Page 444 and 445:
422 THE StfFf MYSTICISMthan the gre
Page 446 and 447:
424 THE StfFf MYSTICISMthe Turkish
Page 448 and 449:
426 THE $tfFJ MYSTICISMSayings of S
Page 450 and 451:
428 THE Sl)Fl MYSTICISMregarding Go
Page 452 and 453:
430 THE SIJF1 MYSTICISMin one of th
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432 THE StiFI MYSTICISMpurpose ;whi
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434 THE StfFf MYSTICISMwoman named
Page 458 and 459:
436 THE StfFl MYSTICISMAdh-Dhahabi
Page 460 and 461:
438 THE StfFf MYSTICISMstudy, espec
Page 462 and 463:
440 THE SUFI MYSTICISMreveals the N
Page 464 and 465:
442 THE StfFf MYSTICISMescape from
Page 466 and 467:
444 THE SI)Ft MYSTICISMthere are le
Page 468 and 469:
446 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIA(includ
Page 470 and 471:
448 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIArare ma
Page 472 and 473:
450 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAwriting
Page 474 and 475:
452 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAJ. B. E
Page 476 and 477:
454 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAthough
Page 478 and 479:
456 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAagrees
Page 480 and 481:
458 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAThou mi
Page 482 and 483:
460 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAits san
Page 484 and 485:
462 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIABut for
Page 486 and 487:
464 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAHamada'
Page 488 and 489:
466 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAAbu Bak
Page 490 and 491:
468 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIASeven m
Page 492 and 493:
470 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAAth-Tha
Page 494 and 495:
472 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAmetrica
Page 496 and 497:
474 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAKalila
Page 498 and 499:
476 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAArabic
Page 500 and 501:
478 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAruary 1
Page 502 and 503:
480 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIATo thos
Page 504 and 505:
482 BIBLIOGRAPHYin Geiger and Kuhn'
Page 506 and 507:
484 BIBLIOGRAPHYI16. G. Ravvlinson'
Page 508 and 509:
486 BIBLIOGRAPHY40. C. de Harlez :
Page 510 and 511:
BIBLIOGRAPHY62. Dr. W.Wright: The C
Page 512 and 513:
490 BIBLIOGRAPHY*8o.Wellhausen's Mt
Page 514 and 515:
492 BIBLIOGRAPHY105. Von Hammer :Hi
Page 516 and 517:
494 BIBLIOGRAPHY/-. 'Ushshdq (" Lov
Page 518 and 519:
496 BIBLIOGRAPHYLatinum Etymologicu
Page 520 and 521:
498 INDEXAdhar- (Atur-) Farnbag, so
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5ooINDEXAvestic language (so-called
Page 524 and 525:
502 INDEXChrist See ?*$ (
Page 526 and 527:
504 INDEXFargard (chapters of Vendi
Page 528 and 529:
506 INDEXHebrew. language. 40, 41,
Page 530 and 531:
508 INDEX-Juybari, Abu Ishaq Ibrahi
Page 532 and 533:
INDEXBO considered,;246 Fatimid, 39
Page 534 and 535:
512 INDEXMuhitu'J-Multit (Arabic Di
Page 536 and 537:
5'4 INDEXPersian literature, Birth
Page 538 and 539:
INDEXSaint-Martin, 65-Sarvi (or-Sar
Page 540 and 541:
INDEXTmmm \\rntS** Tm~rtmim (fa*i !
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52OINDEXSttfiWool typifying renunci
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University of CaliforniaSOUTHERN RE
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