A literary history of Persia

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58 HISTORY OF PERSIAN PHILOLOGYment of which he chiefly relied, apart from the Greektranslations which accompany some of them, on the Pahlawfvocabulary given by Anquetil (vol. iii, pp. 432-526), "whosework," as Darmesteter well says, " vindicated itself thusbetter than by heaping up arguments by promoting discoveries."For the oldest extant manuscripts of the Avestadate onlyfrom the fourteenth centuryof our era, while theSasanian inscriptions go back to the third, and could not,therefore, be set aside, even for a moment, as late forgeries ;and if Anquetil's vocabulary furnished a key to these, it wasmanifest that the Pahlawi which he had learned from hisdastiirs was the genuine language of Sasanian times ;and thatthe occurrence in it of Semitic words, such as malka " king,"shanat " year," ab " father," shamsd " sun," Id " not," whichSir William Jones, regarding them as Arabic 1 (though heafterwards recognised them as Chaldaean), 2 cited as proof ofthe fictitious antiquity of the language in which they occurred,of Anquetil's credulity, and of his Pdrsi instructor's fraud, wasan indisputable fact,whatever might be its true explanation.Tychsen insisted strongly on this point." This," said he, " is a proof that the Pahlawi was used during thereign of the Sasanides, for it was from them that these inscriptionsemanated, as it was by them nay, by the first of them, ArdashirBabagan that the doctrine of Zoroaster was revived. One cannow understand why the Zend books were translated into Pahlawi.Here, too, everything agrees, and speaks loudly for their antiquityand3genuineness."The Pahlawi inscriptions thus deciphered by de Sacy had been1Lettre a Monsieur A .. . du P ..., p. 610 ": Lorsque nous voyonsles mots Arabes corrumpus . . . donnes pour des mots Zendes et Pehlevis,nous disons hardiment que ce charlatan [le reverend Docteur Darab] vousa trompe, et que vous avez tache de trompervos lecteurs."2 Sir W. Jones's Works, vol. i, p. 8l.3 Cited by Darmesteter in his Introduction (pp. xix-xx) to the Translationof the Vendidad (see n, I on the previous page).
DECIPHERMENT OF INSCRIPTIONS 59known in Europe since Samuel Flower published in thePhilosophicalTransactions for June, 1693 (pp. 775-7) thecopies of them which he had made in 1667,Pahiawi inscrip- w hile further copies appeared in the works ofdate, of other travellers ;Chardin (1711), Niebuhr (1778), and, at a laterTbut, though Hyde reproduced themin his book, de Sacy was the first to attempt with any successtheir interpretation.Five yearsafter the publication of de Sacy's Memoires (1798),the Carmelite father, Paul de St. Barthelemy, published atRome his essay,De antiquitateet affinitate linguasamscredamicee et germanic
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. andA Literary Historyof PersiaFro
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A Literary Historyof PersiaFrom the
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StackAnnexPtPrefaceFOR many yearsI
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PREFACEixdown to the Mongol Invasio
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PREFACExl7f," says a well-known Eas
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xivCONTENTSCHAPTERVII.BOOK IIION TH
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CHAPTER IINTRODUCTORYTHIS book, as
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THE OLD PERSIAN LANGUAGE 5in the th
Page 29 and 30: PERIODS OF THE PERSIAN LANGUAGE 7Pd
Page 31 and 32: DISUSE OF PAHLAWt SCRIPT $Armenian
Page 33 and 34: BEGINNINGS OF MODERN PERSIAN 11char
Page 35 and 36: BEGINNINGS OF PERSIAN POETRY 13glee
Page 37 and 38: BARBAD THE MINSTREL 15were transcri
Page 39 and 40: BARBAD AND RtfDAGt I?"When Rudagi r
Page 41 and 42: THE MEDES 19now enter is, unfortuna
Page 43 and 44: THE MEDES 21and disclosed by Mordec
Page 45 and 46: THE MEDES 23bcrceau du Zoroastrisme
Page 47 and 48: LANGUAGE OF THE AVESTA **>same unan
Page 49 and 50: PERSIAN DIALECTS 27" Pehlevi-Musulm
Page 51 and 52: DATE OF THE A VESTA 29Paris, 1892-3
Page 53 and 54: 'THE CRIME OF " MA GICIDE " }tSasin
Page 55 and 56: fORIGIN OF THE IRANIANS 33the race
Page 57 and 58: GEOGRAPHY OF THE A VESTA 35the reli
Page 59 and 60: SEMTTIC INFLUENCES 37Greek is far m
Page 61 and 62: CHAPTER IITHE DISCOVERY AND INTERPR
Page 63 and 64: ARABIC CHAIRS FOUNDED 41according t
Page 65 and 66: THOMAS HYDE 43the Arabic Mah prefix
Page 67 and 68: ANQUETIL DU PERRON 45year above men
Page 69 and 70: ANQUETIL DU PERRON 47immediately co
Page 71 and 72: S7R WILLIAM JONES 49whence, after a
Page 73 and 74: SJR W. JONES AND ANQUETIL 51de Us e
Page 75 and 76: S/R W. JONES AND ANQUETIL 53Sir Wil
Page 77 and 78: WILLIAM JONES 55with many of them,
Page 79: VINDICATION OF ANQUETIL 57catholic
Page 83 and 84: DECIPHERMENT OF INSCRIPTIONS 61of t
Page 85 and 86: DECIPHERMENT OF INSCRIPTIONS 63Yet,
Page 87 and 88: ORIGIN OF PERSIAN CUNEIFORM 65From
Page 89 and 90: BURNOUF'S WORK 67and the like, in t
Page 91 and 92: "THE WAR OF THE METHODS" 69acumen,"
Page 93 and 94: PAHLA Wt INSCRIPTIONS 71The Sdsania
Page 95 and 96: HUZVARISH 73more as to the essentia
Page 97 and 98: HUZVARISH 75at." So in like manner
Page 99 and 100: RECAPITULATION 77so whatever they w
Page 101 and 102: RECAPITULATION 79language " be used
Page 103 and 104: RECA PITULA TION8 iof the third and
Page 105 and 106: MODERN DIALECTS 83added concerning
Page 107 and 108: DIALECTAL POETRY 853-Vi-shum, vdshu
Page 109 and 110: DIALECTS OF PERSIA 87Kirman, Rafsin
Page 111 and 112: A PERSONAL EXPLANATION 89(iii) The
Page 113 and 114: ACHAEMENIAN INSCRIPTIONS 91produce
Page 115 and 116: ACHMMENIAN INSCRIPTIONS 93Any obser
Page 117 and 118: THE A VESTA 95heard itsaid by Engli
Page 119 and 120: Avesta during the periodTHE A VESTA
Page 121 and 122: , THE AVESTA 99festation of the Ine
Page 123 and 124: THE AVESTA 101spiritual hierarchy.T
Page 125 and 126: PAHLAWt INSCRIPTIONS 103III.THE PAH
Page 127 and 128: PAHLA Wt L1TERA TURE 16$1. Pahlawi
Page 129 and 130: PAHLA Wt LITERA TURE 107Bridge of $
Page 131 and 132:
thoughPAHLAWt LITERATURE 109the con
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THE PERSIAN EPICinsources inscripti
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DOCTORTHE PERSfAMBfcWEN MIN4SJAN,th
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THE PERSIAN EPICitsDevil, who begui
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THE PERSIAN EPIC 117the Avesta as a
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THE PERSIAN EPICas follows. The fir
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THE PERSIAN EPIC 121and professedly
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THE PERSIAN EPIC 123This Pahlawi Kh
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CHAPTER IVTHE SAsANIAN PERIOD (A.D.
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DIVINE RIGHT OF KINGS 129were withd
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BfB/ SHAHR-BANti 131Now whether thi
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BiBt SHAHR-BANll 133the Persian hat
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TOLERATION A SIN 135delivered up un
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LEGEND OF ARDASHJR 137Sasanian dyna
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LEGEND OF ARDASH/R 139Karnamak."Aft
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141Brilliantly blazing like the bri
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LEGEND OF ARDASHJR 143The next epis
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LEGEND 01^ ARDASH/R 145Hard by our
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LEGEND OF HAFTAN-BOKHT 147foot of t
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LEGEND OF HAFTAN-BdKHT 149When the
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'THE HAji-ABAD INSCRIPTION 151of th
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THE HAjI-ABAD INSCRIPTION 153We oug
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THE MANICHJEANS 155the former (nota
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THE MANICHJEANS 157corrupted thy re
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THE MANICHAEANS 159Manichasans. ...
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THE MANICHJSANS 161.presents itself
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THE MANICHAEANS 163Progress of \.(A
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THE MANICH^EANS 165standing " ;the
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MAZDAK 167reckless cruelty, nor fro
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MAZDAK 169the fourth Excursus (Uebe
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MAZDAK 171we have already seen (p.
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FALL OF THE HOUSE OF SAsAN 173no ye
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THE CHRISTIANS OF NEJRAN 175Bilqis
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"THE PEOPLE OF THE ELEPHANT" 177Whi
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seek relief from one of the two gre
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REGICIDE AND ANARCHY 181in the midd
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THE PROPHETS MESSAGE 183the doomed
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CHAPTER VTHE ARAB INVASION" DURING
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MUSLIMS BEFORE THE NEGtfSH 187of th
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THE EARLY MUSLIMS 189down his leg,
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191and tribal interests to the dema
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THE PAGAN ARABS 193And if Hudhayl b
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AL-FAKHRt'S NARRATIVE 195and their
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AL-FAKHRt'S NARRATIVE 197concealed
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AL-FAKHRJ'S NARRATIVE 199possession
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CONVERSION OF THE PERSIANS 201retai
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EARLY PERSIAN CONVERTS 203soldiers
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PERSIAN INDISPENSABLE TO ARABS 205i
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SURVIVAL OF "FIRE WORSHIP'' 207the
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CHAPTER VITHE UMAYYAD PERIOD (A.D.
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THE CALIPHATE 211the metropolis of
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THE PROPHET'S ACHIEVEMENT 213missio
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CALIPHATE OF 'UTHMAN 215UMAYYAAbul-
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MURDER OF 'UTHAlAN 217able for thei
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AND MU'AWIYA 219raise aloft on thei
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221like Tamim), and the heroes of Q
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THE KHARIJITES 223cried out, "Thou
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YAZfD 22$It was still worse when, o
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KERBELA 227devotion ;but henceforth
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REBELLION OF AL-MUKHTAR 229the murd
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CAUSES OF DISCONTENT 231sanctity of
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233it not the sole aim. But this di
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'UMAX IBN 'ABDU'L-'AZfZ 235unto men
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THE lABBASID PROPAGANDA 237outbreak
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SECTS OF THE SHPA 239Broadlyspeakin
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PRESAGES OF DISASTER 241A.D. 745, a
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THE REVOLUTION 243Abbasid, whereupo
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DISILLUS10NMENJ 245the lesser Zab b
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EFFECTS OF THE REVOLUTION 247his re
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CHAPTER VIIGENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
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CHARACTER OF 'ABBASID RULE 253all f
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THE OFFICE OF WAZtR 255tuality) lar
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THE OFFICE OF WAZ/R 257as we have s
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REVIVAL OF PERSIAN CUSTOMS 259Anoth
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CONTEMPT OF ARABS FOR LETTERS 261ob
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LITERARY PRE-EMINENCE OF PERSIANS 2
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THE SHU'tfBIYYA 265Christian than t
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PRIDE OF THE PERSIANS 267They hare
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THE SHU'tfBIYYAThe Sku'ubiyya contr
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EVOLUTION OF MUSLIM SCIENCES 271nec
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EARLIEST ARABIC PROSE 273handed on
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CHIEF WRITERS OF THIS PERIOD 275The
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CHIEF WRITERS OF THIS PERIOD 277(22
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Wfi0CHAPTER VIIITHE DEVELOPMENTS OF
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THE MWTAZILA 281Uraayyad period per
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THE DOCTRINE OF FREE WILL 283Caliph
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THE MU'TAZILA DOMINANT 285Withiq fo
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DOCTRINE OF THE MU'TAZILA 287of the
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DECLINE OF THE MU'TAZILA 289but see
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AL-ASH'ARf 291and its siteploughed
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THE IKHWANU 'S-SAFA 293of the 'Abba
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THE ORTHODOX SCHOOLS 295Persian des
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THE EARLY StfF/Swritten with the so
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THE EARLY StfF/S 299sharply with th
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ORIGIN OF SUF1ISM 301not convinced
Page 325 and 326:
THE SABAEANS 303their hair extremel
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THE SYRIANS OF HARRAN 30$great tran
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HERESY IN FASHION- 307says: "Philos
Page 331 and 332:
BIH-AFARfDH 309he had beheld him de
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THE ULTRA-SHf'ITES 311[who believe
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SINBADH "THE MAGIAN" 313followers o
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THE RAWANDIYYA 315Fihnst (p. 345) h
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USTADHS/3places, believing that the
Page 341 and 342:
"THE VEILED PROPHET" 319al-Muqanna'
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"THE VEILED PROPHET" 321"This verse
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BABAK AL-KHURRAMf 323teenth century
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BABAK AL-KHURRAMf* 325went forth in
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BABAK AL-KHURRAMf 327" 'So when it
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EXECUTION OF BABAK 329the Khurramis
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THE TRIAL OF AFSH/N 331two others w
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THE TRIAL OF AFSHfN 333" what means
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THE TRIAL OF AFSHiN 335flies ' (mea
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BOOK IVON THE FIRST PERIOD OF THE D
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340 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATEand sti
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342 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATETurkish
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344 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATEbadges,
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346 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATEIt was
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348 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATEfounded
Page 372 and 373:
350 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATEslaves
Page 374 and 375:
DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATE" " Occulta
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'-354 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATEThe s
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356 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATERawdhak
Page 380 and 381:
358 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATEardent
Page 382 and 383:
360- DECLINE >OF THE CALIPHATEdynas
Page 384 and 385:
362 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATE"Those
Page 386 and 387:
364 DECLINE OP THE CALIPHATEmay men
Page 388 and 389:
366 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATEthe sam
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'368 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATECarmat
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3/0 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATE>others
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372of Islam. This Sabuktagin was or
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374 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATEwith ea
Page 398 and 399:
376 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATEof Isld
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378 THE STATE OF MUSLIM LITERATUREo
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380 THE STATE OF MUSLIM LITERATUREI
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.ii.382 THE STATE OF MUSLIM LITERAT
Page 406 and 407:
384 THE STATE OF MUSLIM LITERATUREh
Page 408 and 409:
386 THE STATE OF MUSLIM LITERATUREF
Page 410 and 411:
388 THE STATE OF MUSLIM LITERATUREH
Page 412 and 413:
390 THE STATE OF MUSLIM LITERATUREo
Page 414 and 415:
392 THE ISMAlLi SECT(especially tho
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394 ^HE ISMA'/Lf SECTMaymtin al-Qad
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1 a'396 THE ISMAfli SECTtheir oppre
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398 THE ISMA'JLI SECTof Syria was i
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400 THE ISMA'JLf SECTwhile, on the
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402 THE iSMAlLt SECTafter this (A.D
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404set in its place, to the infinit
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406 THE ISMA'lLf SECTTo Europeans t
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408 THE ISMAIL! SECT("owing allegia
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410 THE ISMAiLJ SECT5. Space, or Pl
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412 THE ISMAfLI SECTthat the skins
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4HTHE ISMAftf SECTnot the last of t
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CHAPTER XIIIRELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS OF
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4J8THE StfFf MYSTICISMcame into use
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420 THE $tfFI MYSTICISMan enormous
Page 444 and 445:
422 THE StfFf MYSTICISMthan the gre
Page 446 and 447:
424 THE StfFf MYSTICISMthe Turkish
Page 448 and 449:
426 THE $tfFJ MYSTICISMSayings of S
Page 450 and 451:
428 THE Sl)Fl MYSTICISMregarding Go
Page 452 and 453:
430 THE SIJF1 MYSTICISMin one of th
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432 THE StiFI MYSTICISMpurpose ;whi
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434 THE StfFf MYSTICISMwoman named
Page 458 and 459:
436 THE StfFl MYSTICISMAdh-Dhahabi
Page 460 and 461:
438 THE StfFf MYSTICISMstudy, espec
Page 462 and 463:
440 THE SUFI MYSTICISMreveals the N
Page 464 and 465:
442 THE StfFf MYSTICISMescape from
Page 466 and 467:
444 THE SI)Ft MYSTICISMthere are le
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446 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIA(includ
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448 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIArare ma
Page 472 and 473:
450 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAwriting
Page 474 and 475:
452 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAJ. B. E
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454 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAthough
Page 478 and 479:
456 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAagrees
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458 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAThou mi
Page 482 and 483:
460 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAits san
Page 484 and 485:
462 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIABut for
Page 486 and 487:
464 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAHamada'
Page 488 and 489:
466 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAAbu Bak
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468 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIASeven m
Page 492 and 493:
470 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAAth-Tha
Page 494 and 495:
472 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAmetrica
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474 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAKalila
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476 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAArabic
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478 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAruary 1
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480 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIATo thos
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482 BIBLIOGRAPHYin Geiger and Kuhn'
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484 BIBLIOGRAPHYI16. G. Ravvlinson'
Page 508 and 509:
486 BIBLIOGRAPHY40. C. de Harlez :
Page 510 and 511:
BIBLIOGRAPHY62. Dr. W.Wright: The C
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490 BIBLIOGRAPHY*8o.Wellhausen's Mt
Page 514 and 515:
492 BIBLIOGRAPHY105. Von Hammer :Hi
Page 516 and 517:
494 BIBLIOGRAPHY/-. 'Ushshdq (" Lov
Page 518 and 519:
496 BIBLIOGRAPHYLatinum Etymologicu
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498 INDEXAdhar- (Atur-) Farnbag, so
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5ooINDEXAvestic language (so-called
Page 524 and 525:
502 INDEXChrist See ?*$ (
Page 526 and 527:
504 INDEXFargard (chapters of Vendi
Page 528 and 529:
506 INDEXHebrew. language. 40, 41,
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508 INDEX-Juybari, Abu Ishaq Ibrahi
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INDEXBO considered,;246 Fatimid, 39
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512 INDEXMuhitu'J-Multit (Arabic Di
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5'4 INDEXPersian literature, Birth
Page 538 and 539:
INDEXSaint-Martin, 65-Sarvi (or-Sar
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INDEXTmmm \\rntS** Tm~rtmim (fa*i !
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52OINDEXSttfiWool typifying renunci
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University of CaliforniaSOUTHERN RE
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