A literary history of Persia

.ii.382 THE STATE OF MUSLIM LITERATUREII.The MafitlMl-'Ulhm.Turning now to the Mafatlhul- i Ulum, we find the sciencesprimarily divided into two great groups, the indigenous orArabian, and the exotic, which are for the most part Greek orPersian.i. The Indigenous Sciences.1.Jurisprudence (fiqh), discussed in n sections, including FirstPrinciples (usul), and Applications (furu'), such as Legal Purity ;Prayer ; Fasting ; Alms ; Pilgrimage ; Buying and Selling ; Marriage ;Homicide, Wounding, Retaliation, Compensation, and Blood-wit, &c.2. Scholastic Philosophy (kaldm), discussed in 7 sections, includingits subject-matter the various schools and sects of Muslims,;Christians, Jews, and Gentiles (Persians, Indians, Chaldaeans,Manichceans, Marcionites, Bardesanians, Mazdakites, Sophists, &c.) ;Arabian heathenism, and the First Principles of Religion discussedand established by this science.3.Grammar (nahw), discussed in 12 sections.4. The Secretarial Art (kitdbat), discussed in 8 sections ; includingexplanations of all the technical terms employed in the variousGovernment offices.5. Prosody ('arud) and the Poetic Art (shi'r), discussed in 5sections.6. History (akhbdr), discussed in 9 sections ; especially thehistory of Ancient Persia, Muhammadan history, pre-Muhammadanhistory of Arabia, especially Yaman, and the history of Greece andRome.^ii.The Exotic Sciences.7. Philosophy (falsafa), discussed in 3 sections, including its subdivisionsand terminology ;the derivation of the word (correctlyexplained from the Greek) and the proper position in relation to;it of Logic (inan[iq), the Natural Sciences (Medicine, Meteorology,Mineralogy, Botany, Zoology, and Alchemy), and the MathematicalSciences, Geometry, Astronomy, Music, &c.).8. Logic (mantiq), discussed in 9 sections.9.Medicine (tibb), discussed in 8 sections, including Anatomy,Pathology, -Materia Medica and Therapeutics, Diet, Weights andMeasures, &c.10. Arithmetic (arithmdtiqi, 'ilmu'l-'adad, hisdb), discussed in 5sections, including the elements of Algebra.Geometry (handasa, jumetriya), discussed in 4 sections.-V- 12. Astronomy ('ilmu'n-nujiim), discussed in 4 sections, treating