A literary history of Persia

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xPREFACEand other Continental capitals, it is chiefly with the amateur(and I use the word in no disparaging sense, but as meaningone whose studies are prompted by taste and natural inclinationrather than by necessity) that the future extension anddevelopment of these studies lies. To him (or her), therefore,this book is especially addressed ;and should it prove of use toany of those whose interest in the East is more real andabiding than that of the ordinary reader, but who have neitherthe opportunity nor the apparatus of study necessary to theprofessional student, I shall deem myself amply rewarded formy labour in compiling it.Concerning the system of transliteration of Oriental namesand words here adopted little need be said ;it is essentiallythat approved by the Royal Asiatic Society for the transcriptionof the Arabic character, and will be readily understood byall who are familiar with that script. That consistency (or,asI fear may be said by some of my critics, pedantry) has compelledme to write Hafidh, Nidhami, 'Umar, Firdawsi, &c.,for the more popular Hafiz, Nizami, Omar, and Ferdousi maybe regretted from some points of view, but will at leastgenerally save the student from doubts as to the correct spellingin the original character of the names occurring in thefollowing pages.I only regret that this consistency has notbeen more complete, and that I have in a few cases (notablyAdharbayjan, Azarbayjan) allowed myself to be swayed byactual usage at the expense of uniformity. But at least thereader will not as a rule be puzzled by finding the samename appearing now as 'Uthman, now as 4 Usman, and againas 'Osman, according as it is sought to represent its Arabic,its Persian, or its Turkish pronunciation.And so I commend my book to the benevolent reader, and,I hope I may add, to the not less benevolent critic. Of itsmany defects, alike in plan and execution, I am fully conscious,and to others, no doubt, my attention will soon becalled. But "whoso desireth a faultless friend remains friend-
PREFACExl7f," says a well-known Eastern adage, and it is no less truethat he who would write a flawless book writes nothing. Ihave admitted that I feltmyself unprepared for so great atask ;but I should have felt equally unprepared ten or twentyyears hence, the subject ever widening before our eyes morerapidly than the knowledge of it grows in our minds. Eventhe most imperfect book, if it breaks fresh ground, may,though itself doomed to oblivion, prepare the way for abetter.SEPTEMBER 14, 1902.EDWARD G. BROWNE.
Page 11 and 12: . andA Literary Historyof PersiaFro
Page 13 and 14: A Literary Historyof PersiaFrom the
Page 15 and 16: StackAnnexPtPrefaceFOR many yearsI
Page 17: PREFACEixdown to the Mongol Invasio
Page 22 and 23: xivCONTENTSCHAPTERVII.BOOK IIION TH
Page 25 and 26: CHAPTER IINTRODUCTORYTHIS book, as
Page 27 and 28: THE OLD PERSIAN LANGUAGE 5in the th
Page 29 and 30: PERIODS OF THE PERSIAN LANGUAGE 7Pd
Page 31 and 32: DISUSE OF PAHLAWt SCRIPT $Armenian
Page 33 and 34: BEGINNINGS OF MODERN PERSIAN 11char
Page 35 and 36: BEGINNINGS OF PERSIAN POETRY 13glee
Page 37 and 38: BARBAD THE MINSTREL 15were transcri
Page 39 and 40: BARBAD AND RtfDAGt I?"When Rudagi r
Page 41 and 42: THE MEDES 19now enter is, unfortuna
Page 43 and 44: THE MEDES 21and disclosed by Mordec
Page 45 and 46: THE MEDES 23bcrceau du Zoroastrisme
Page 47 and 48: LANGUAGE OF THE AVESTA **>same unan
Page 49 and 50: PERSIAN DIALECTS 27" Pehlevi-Musulm
Page 51 and 52: DATE OF THE A VESTA 29Paris, 1892-3
Page 53 and 54: 'THE CRIME OF " MA GICIDE " }tSasin
Page 55 and 56: fORIGIN OF THE IRANIANS 33the race
Page 57 and 58: GEOGRAPHY OF THE A VESTA 35the reli
Page 59 and 60: SEMTTIC INFLUENCES 37Greek is far m
Page 61 and 62: CHAPTER IITHE DISCOVERY AND INTERPR
Page 63 and 64: ARABIC CHAIRS FOUNDED 41according t
Page 65 and 66: THOMAS HYDE 43the Arabic Mah prefix
Page 67 and 68: ANQUETIL DU PERRON 45year above men
Page 69 and 70:
ANQUETIL DU PERRON 47immediately co
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S7R WILLIAM JONES 49whence, after a
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SJR W. JONES AND ANQUETIL 51de Us e
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S/R W. JONES AND ANQUETIL 53Sir Wil
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WILLIAM JONES 55with many of them,
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VINDICATION OF ANQUETIL 57catholic
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DECIPHERMENT OF INSCRIPTIONS 59know
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DECIPHERMENT OF INSCRIPTIONS 61of t
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DECIPHERMENT OF INSCRIPTIONS 63Yet,
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ORIGIN OF PERSIAN CUNEIFORM 65From
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BURNOUF'S WORK 67and the like, in t
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"THE WAR OF THE METHODS" 69acumen,"
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PAHLA Wt INSCRIPTIONS 71The Sdsania
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HUZVARISH 73more as to the essentia
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HUZVARISH 75at." So in like manner
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RECAPITULATION 77so whatever they w
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RECAPITULATION 79language " be used
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RECA PITULA TION8 iof the third and
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MODERN DIALECTS 83added concerning
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DIALECTAL POETRY 853-Vi-shum, vdshu
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DIALECTS OF PERSIA 87Kirman, Rafsin
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A PERSONAL EXPLANATION 89(iii) The
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ACHAEMENIAN INSCRIPTIONS 91produce
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ACHMMENIAN INSCRIPTIONS 93Any obser
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THE A VESTA 95heard itsaid by Engli
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Avesta during the periodTHE A VESTA
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, THE AVESTA 99festation of the Ine
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THE AVESTA 101spiritual hierarchy.T
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PAHLAWt INSCRIPTIONS 103III.THE PAH
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PAHLA Wt L1TERA TURE 16$1. Pahlawi
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PAHLA Wt LITERA TURE 107Bridge of $
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thoughPAHLAWt LITERATURE 109the con
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THE PERSIAN EPICinsources inscripti
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DOCTORTHE PERSfAMBfcWEN MIN4SJAN,th
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THE PERSIAN EPICitsDevil, who begui
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THE PERSIAN EPIC 117the Avesta as a
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THE PERSIAN EPICas follows. The fir
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THE PERSIAN EPIC 121and professedly
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THE PERSIAN EPIC 123This Pahlawi Kh
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CHAPTER IVTHE SAsANIAN PERIOD (A.D.
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DIVINE RIGHT OF KINGS 129were withd
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BfB/ SHAHR-BANti 131Now whether thi
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BiBt SHAHR-BANll 133the Persian hat
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TOLERATION A SIN 135delivered up un
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LEGEND OF ARDASHJR 137Sasanian dyna
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LEGEND OF ARDASH/R 139Karnamak."Aft
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141Brilliantly blazing like the bri
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LEGEND OF ARDASHJR 143The next epis
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LEGEND 01^ ARDASH/R 145Hard by our
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LEGEND OF HAFTAN-BOKHT 147foot of t
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LEGEND OF HAFTAN-BdKHT 149When the
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'THE HAji-ABAD INSCRIPTION 151of th
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THE HAjI-ABAD INSCRIPTION 153We oug
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THE MANICHJEANS 155the former (nota
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THE MANICHJEANS 157corrupted thy re
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THE MANICHAEANS 159Manichasans. ...
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THE MANICHJSANS 161.presents itself
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THE MANICHAEANS 163Progress of \.(A
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THE MANICH^EANS 165standing " ;the
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MAZDAK 167reckless cruelty, nor fro
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MAZDAK 169the fourth Excursus (Uebe
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MAZDAK 171we have already seen (p.
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FALL OF THE HOUSE OF SAsAN 173no ye
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THE CHRISTIANS OF NEJRAN 175Bilqis
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"THE PEOPLE OF THE ELEPHANT" 177Whi
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seek relief from one of the two gre
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REGICIDE AND ANARCHY 181in the midd
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THE PROPHETS MESSAGE 183the doomed
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CHAPTER VTHE ARAB INVASION" DURING
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MUSLIMS BEFORE THE NEGtfSH 187of th
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THE EARLY MUSLIMS 189down his leg,
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191and tribal interests to the dema
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THE PAGAN ARABS 193And if Hudhayl b
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AL-FAKHRt'S NARRATIVE 195and their
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AL-FAKHRt'S NARRATIVE 197concealed
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AL-FAKHRJ'S NARRATIVE 199possession
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CONVERSION OF THE PERSIANS 201retai
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EARLY PERSIAN CONVERTS 203soldiers
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PERSIAN INDISPENSABLE TO ARABS 205i
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SURVIVAL OF "FIRE WORSHIP'' 207the
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CHAPTER VITHE UMAYYAD PERIOD (A.D.
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THE CALIPHATE 211the metropolis of
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THE PROPHET'S ACHIEVEMENT 213missio
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CALIPHATE OF 'UTHMAN 215UMAYYAAbul-
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MURDER OF 'UTHAlAN 217able for thei
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AND MU'AWIYA 219raise aloft on thei
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221like Tamim), and the heroes of Q
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THE KHARIJITES 223cried out, "Thou
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YAZfD 22$It was still worse when, o
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KERBELA 227devotion ;but henceforth
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REBELLION OF AL-MUKHTAR 229the murd
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CAUSES OF DISCONTENT 231sanctity of
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233it not the sole aim. But this di
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'UMAX IBN 'ABDU'L-'AZfZ 235unto men
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THE lABBASID PROPAGANDA 237outbreak
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SECTS OF THE SHPA 239Broadlyspeakin
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PRESAGES OF DISASTER 241A.D. 745, a
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THE REVOLUTION 243Abbasid, whereupo
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DISILLUS10NMENJ 245the lesser Zab b
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EFFECTS OF THE REVOLUTION 247his re
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CHAPTER VIIGENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
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CHARACTER OF 'ABBASID RULE 253all f
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THE OFFICE OF WAZtR 255tuality) lar
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THE OFFICE OF WAZ/R 257as we have s
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REVIVAL OF PERSIAN CUSTOMS 259Anoth
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CONTEMPT OF ARABS FOR LETTERS 261ob
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LITERARY PRE-EMINENCE OF PERSIANS 2
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THE SHU'tfBIYYA 265Christian than t
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PRIDE OF THE PERSIANS 267They hare
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THE SHU'tfBIYYAThe Sku'ubiyya contr
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EVOLUTION OF MUSLIM SCIENCES 271nec
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EARLIEST ARABIC PROSE 273handed on
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CHIEF WRITERS OF THIS PERIOD 275The
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CHIEF WRITERS OF THIS PERIOD 277(22
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Wfi0CHAPTER VIIITHE DEVELOPMENTS OF
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THE MWTAZILA 281Uraayyad period per
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THE DOCTRINE OF FREE WILL 283Caliph
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THE MU'TAZILA DOMINANT 285Withiq fo
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DOCTRINE OF THE MU'TAZILA 287of the
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DECLINE OF THE MU'TAZILA 289but see
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AL-ASH'ARf 291and its siteploughed
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THE IKHWANU 'S-SAFA 293of the 'Abba
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THE ORTHODOX SCHOOLS 295Persian des
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THE EARLY StfF/Swritten with the so
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THE EARLY StfF/S 299sharply with th
Page 323 and 324:
ORIGIN OF SUF1ISM 301not convinced
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THE SABAEANS 303their hair extremel
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THE SYRIANS OF HARRAN 30$great tran
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HERESY IN FASHION- 307says: "Philos
Page 331 and 332:
BIH-AFARfDH 309he had beheld him de
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THE ULTRA-SHf'ITES 311[who believe
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SINBADH "THE MAGIAN" 313followers o
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THE RAWANDIYYA 315Fihnst (p. 345) h
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USTADHS/3places, believing that the
Page 341 and 342:
"THE VEILED PROPHET" 319al-Muqanna'
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"THE VEILED PROPHET" 321"This verse
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BABAK AL-KHURRAMf 323teenth century
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BABAK AL-KHURRAMf* 325went forth in
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BABAK AL-KHURRAMf 327" 'So when it
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EXECUTION OF BABAK 329the Khurramis
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THE TRIAL OF AFSH/N 331two others w
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THE TRIAL OF AFSHfN 333" what means
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THE TRIAL OF AFSHiN 335flies ' (mea
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BOOK IVON THE FIRST PERIOD OF THE D
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340 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATEand sti
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342 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATETurkish
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344 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATEbadges,
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346 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATEIt was
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348 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATEfounded
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350 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATEslaves
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DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATE" " Occulta
Page 376 and 377:
'-354 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATEThe s
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356 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATERawdhak
Page 380 and 381:
358 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATEardent
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360- DECLINE >OF THE CALIPHATEdynas
Page 384 and 385:
362 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATE"Those
Page 386 and 387:
364 DECLINE OP THE CALIPHATEmay men
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366 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATEthe sam
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'368 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATECarmat
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3/0 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATE>others
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372of Islam. This Sabuktagin was or
Page 396 and 397:
374 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATEwith ea
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376 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATEof Isld
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378 THE STATE OF MUSLIM LITERATUREo
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380 THE STATE OF MUSLIM LITERATUREI
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.ii.382 THE STATE OF MUSLIM LITERAT
Page 406 and 407:
384 THE STATE OF MUSLIM LITERATUREh
Page 408 and 409:
386 THE STATE OF MUSLIM LITERATUREF
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388 THE STATE OF MUSLIM LITERATUREH
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390 THE STATE OF MUSLIM LITERATUREo
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392 THE ISMAlLi SECT(especially tho
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394 ^HE ISMA'/Lf SECTMaymtin al-Qad
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1 a'396 THE ISMAfli SECTtheir oppre
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398 THE ISMA'JLI SECTof Syria was i
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400 THE ISMA'JLf SECTwhile, on the
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402 THE iSMAlLt SECTafter this (A.D
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404set in its place, to the infinit
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406 THE ISMA'lLf SECTTo Europeans t
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408 THE ISMAIL! SECT("owing allegia
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410 THE ISMAiLJ SECT5. Space, or Pl
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412 THE ISMAfLI SECTthat the skins
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4HTHE ISMAftf SECTnot the last of t
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CHAPTER XIIIRELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS OF
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4J8THE StfFf MYSTICISMcame into use
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420 THE $tfFI MYSTICISMan enormous
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422 THE StfFf MYSTICISMthan the gre
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424 THE StfFf MYSTICISMthe Turkish
Page 448 and 449:
426 THE $tfFJ MYSTICISMSayings of S
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428 THE Sl)Fl MYSTICISMregarding Go
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430 THE SIJF1 MYSTICISMin one of th
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432 THE StiFI MYSTICISMpurpose ;whi
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434 THE StfFf MYSTICISMwoman named
Page 458 and 459:
436 THE StfFl MYSTICISMAdh-Dhahabi
Page 460 and 461:
438 THE StfFf MYSTICISMstudy, espec
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440 THE SUFI MYSTICISMreveals the N
Page 464 and 465:
442 THE StfFf MYSTICISMescape from
Page 466 and 467:
444 THE SI)Ft MYSTICISMthere are le
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446 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIA(includ
Page 470 and 471:
448 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIArare ma
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450 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAwriting
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452 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAJ. B. E
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454 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAthough
Page 478 and 479:
456 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAagrees
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458 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAThou mi
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460 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAits san
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462 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIABut for
Page 486 and 487:
464 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAHamada'
Page 488 and 489:
466 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAAbu Bak
Page 490 and 491:
468 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIASeven m
Page 492 and 493:
470 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAAth-Tha
Page 494 and 495:
472 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAmetrica
Page 496 and 497:
474 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAKalila
Page 498 and 499:
476 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAArabic
Page 500 and 501:
478 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAruary 1
Page 502 and 503:
480 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIATo thos
Page 504 and 505:
482 BIBLIOGRAPHYin Geiger and Kuhn'
Page 506 and 507:
484 BIBLIOGRAPHYI16. G. Ravvlinson'
Page 508 and 509:
486 BIBLIOGRAPHY40. C. de Harlez :
Page 510 and 511:
BIBLIOGRAPHY62. Dr. W.Wright: The C
Page 512 and 513:
490 BIBLIOGRAPHY*8o.Wellhausen's Mt
Page 514 and 515:
492 BIBLIOGRAPHY105. Von Hammer :Hi
Page 516 and 517:
494 BIBLIOGRAPHY/-. 'Ushshdq (" Lov
Page 518 and 519:
496 BIBLIOGRAPHYLatinum Etymologicu
Page 520 and 521:
498 INDEXAdhar- (Atur-) Farnbag, so
Page 522 and 523:
5ooINDEXAvestic language (so-called
Page 524 and 525:
502 INDEXChrist See ?*$ (
Page 526 and 527:
504 INDEXFargard (chapters of Vendi
Page 528 and 529:
506 INDEXHebrew. language. 40, 41,
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508 INDEX-Juybari, Abu Ishaq Ibrahi
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INDEXBO considered,;246 Fatimid, 39
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512 INDEXMuhitu'J-Multit (Arabic Di
Page 536 and 537:
5'4 INDEXPersian literature, Birth
Page 538 and 539:
INDEXSaint-Martin, 65-Sarvi (or-Sar
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INDEXTmmm \\rntS** Tm~rtmim (fa*i !
Page 542 and 543:
52OINDEXSttfiWool typifying renunci
Page 546:
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