Federalism and Local Politics in Russia

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Unification as a political project 10549 For more details, see the federal law ‘On Foundation of A New Subject in theRussian Federation as a Result of the Merger of the Perm Oblast and Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug.’ Adopted on 24 March 2004, and amended on 5July 2005.50 Yuri Shabaev, ‘Etnosotsialnye posledstviya ob'edineniya regionov (iz opyta formirovaniyaPermskogo Kraya)’, Sotsiologicheskie Issledovaniya, No. 3, 2006, p. 67.51 http://www.perm.ru/news/news_more/?id = 858952 V. A. Kochev, ‘Obrazovanie novogo sub'ekta RF – Permskovo Kraya: pravovyeaspekty’, L. A. Fadeeva (ed.), Politicheskii Al'manakh Prikamia, Perm:Izdatel'stvo ‘pushka’, 2005, pp. 228-41.53 See, for example, Oleg Chirkunov, ‘Mogu pozvolit sebe roskosh govotit pravdu’,Novyi Kompanion, 2 August 2004, http://www.Krai.perm.ru/pressa.asp?id = 66654 Ustav Permskovo Kraya, http://www.perm.ru/region/laws/55 Kommersnt-Prikamye, 1 July 2004.56 Milena Gligich-Zolotareva, ‘Novye tendetsii zakonotvorchestva v sovremennoiRossii’, Kazanskii Federalist, Vol. 2, No. 10, Spring 2004. http://www.kazanfed.ru/publications/kazanfederalist/n10/4/57 Gorodskaya Gazeta, 27 September 2005, http://www.berezniki.ru/topic/gorod/050927_4/print58 Natalia Zubarevich, ‘Ob'edinenie avtonomnykh Okrugov: preimushchestva iriski’, http://atlas.socpol.ru/overviews/social_sphere/ukr.shtml#health
5 Putin and the election of regionalgovernorsDarrell SliderPerhaps the most significant change made by Vladimir Putin to the Russianpolitical system was his decision in September 2004 to end the popularelection of regional executives. The consequences of this decision are potentiallyfar-reaching and represent nothing less than the dismantling of whatlittle remained of Russian federalism and democracy.Putin announced his decision in the immediate aftermath of the Beslanschool tragedy, in which over 300 hostages lost their lives. On 13 September2004 Putin spoke before the Russian government and leaders of the regionsand argued that terrorists sought to bring about the collapse of Russia andits government. Citing article 77 of the 1993 Constitution, Putin called forthe creation of a ‘unified system of authority’, which should function as asingle, integral hierarchy. This new ‘executive vertical’ would require replacingpopular elections with a process that would involve both national andregional organs in the selection of regional executives. Putin proposed thatthis should be achieved through the election of governors by regionalassemblies, with the candidate or candidates to be nominated by the Russianpresident. 1The law implementing this decision was passed by the Duma andFederation Council in December 2004. 2 When the law was adopted itbecame clear that the assemblies would not have a choice of candidatesselected by the president; they could either accept or reject his single nominee.Furthermore, if the regional assembly voted against his choice twice, thepresident had the power to dissolve the assembly and name an acting governor.In essence, then, the system of popular elections was replaced by presidentialappointment of governors. 3 Regional legislatures were put in theposition of approving Putin’s candidate or face dissolution.Regional elections 1991–2004The first elections to regional executive posts sanctioned by Boris Yeltsintook place in 1991, at the same time as the election of Yeltsin as president ofthe Russian federation. As an ‘experiment’ mayors were elected in the twolargest Russian cities, Moscow and Leningrad. 4 Both cities were firmly in the
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9 Soviet Music and Societyunder Len
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40 Political and Social Thought inP
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First published 2009by Routledge2 P
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xContents8 The representation of bu
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List of contributorsMichael Burgess
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PrefaceThe chapters in this volume
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AcknowledgementsCameron Ross would
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2 Vladimir Gel'manconclusions on th
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4 Vladimir Gel'man• Recentralizat
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6 Vladimir Gel'manthat they themsel
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8 Vladimir Gel'manprevent unity of
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10 Vladimir Gel'manMeans and endsTh
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12 Vladimir Gel'manthe whole they s
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14 Vladimir Gel'manamendments, know
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16 Vladimir Gel'manfrom above; the
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18 Vladimir Gel'manfall in the aver
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20 Vladimir Gel'mancentralism’ co
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22 Vladimir Gel'man27 Douglass Nort
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24 Vladimir Gel'man78 Gel'man, Ryze
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26 Michael Burgesssuccessor, the Ru
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28 Michael Burgessthese remarks are
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30 Michael BurgessThe legacy of Sov
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32 Michael Burgessintensive constit
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34 Michael Burgess‘federalism’
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36 Michael Burgessriding postilion.
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38 Michael Burgesstradition that al
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40 Michael BurgessAustrian federati
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42 Michael Burgess3 Ethnic diversit
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44 Michael Burgesswhile the Walloon
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46 Michael Burgessmany constituent
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48 Michael Burgessthe special arran
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50 Michael Burgessmodified version
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52 Michael Burgess30 Riker, p. 39.
Page 71 and 72: 3 Federal discourses, minority righ
Page 73 and 74: 56 Andreas Heinemann-Grüderthe Yel
Page 75 and 76: 58 Andreas Heinemann-GrüderPutin
Page 77 and 78: 60 Andreas Heinemann-GrüderDuma La
Page 79 and 80: 62 Andreas Heinemann-Grüderscatter
Page 81 and 82: 64 Andreas Heinemann-GrüderThe sit
Page 83 and 84: 66 Andreas Heinemann-Grüderis not
Page 85 and 86: 68 Andreas Heinemann-GrüderMany re
Page 87 and 88: 70 Andreas Heinemann-Grüder‘harm
Page 89 and 90: 72 Andreas Heinemann-Grüderstating
Page 91 and 92: 74 Andreas Heinemann-GrüderHahn’
Page 93 and 94: 76 Andreas Heinemann-Grüdercounter
Page 95 and 96: 78 Andreas Heinemann-Grüderreconfi
Page 97 and 98: 80 Andreas Heinemann-Grüder30 Inte
Page 99 and 100: 4 Unification as a political projec
Page 101 and 102: Table 4.2 Timetable of regional mer
Page 103 and 104: 86 Oksana Orachevamaking more effec
Page 105 and 106: 88 Oksana Orachevathrough a referen
Page 107 and 108: 90 Oksana Orachevaargue that by the
Page 109 and 110: 92 Oksana OrachevaThus, long before
Page 111 and 112: 94 Oksana Orachevaand the Okrug. 39
Page 113 and 114: 96 Oksana Orachevafor the merger, a
Page 115 and 116: 98 Oksana Orachevamerger. As Yuri S
Page 117 and 118: 100 Oksana Orachevaethnic identity
Page 119 and 120: 102 Oksana Orachevaassemblies in th
Page 121: 104 Oksana Oracheva28 Sergey Ilyin,
Page 125 and 126: 108 Darrell SliderBashkortostan add
Page 127 and 128: 110 Darrell Slidergovernors were of
Page 129 and 130: 112 Darrell SliderPutin’s new pow
Page 131 and 132: 114 Darrell Sliderin turn takes ins
Page 133 and 134: 116 Darrell Sliderpolitical experie
Page 135 and 136: 118 Darrell Sliderappointed represe
Page 137 and 138: 6 Electoral reforms and democratiza
Page 139 and 140: 122 Aleksandr KynevThis phenomenon
Page 141 and 142: 124 Aleksandr Kynevvoluntarily), ni
Page 143 and 144: 126 Aleksandr Kyneveverywhere the p
Page 145 and 146: 128 Aleksandr Kynevregions where el
Page 147 and 148: 130 Aleksandr Kynevthe Federation h
Page 149 and 150: Table 6.3 Election to legislative a
Page 151 and 152: 134 Aleksandr Kynevgovernors came t
Page 153 and 154: 136 Aleksandr KynevLebedev), the Ru
Page 155 and 156: 138 Aleksandr Kynevof the total of
Page 157 and 158: 140 Aleksandr Kynevcases it was for
Page 159 and 160: 142 Aleksandr Kynevsubmitted, but n
Page 161 and 162: 144 Aleksandr KynevOn the other han
Page 163 and 164: 146 Aleksandr Kynevparliament in Ty
Page 165 and 166: 148 Aleksandr Kynevgovernors and re
Page 167 and 168: 7 Russian political parties and reg
Page 169 and 170: 152 Petr Panovmajoritarianism (‘t
Page 171 and 172: 154 Petr Panov(deputies) who are en
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156 Petr Panovresult, the incentive
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Table 7.1 The share of party deputi
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Table 7.2The share of party deputie
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162 Petr Panov1 ‘Autocracy’ (a
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164 Petr Panovhalf the seats in the
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166 Petr PanovTable 7.3Effective nu
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168 Petr Panovactor. Therefore, the
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170 Petr PanovThe years 2003-4 beca
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172 Petr PanovVladimir Nelyubin, pu
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174 Petr Panovby the previous ‘el
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176 Petr PanovIn addition, the hete
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178 Petr PanovFirst cycleelectionsS
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180 Petr PanovFor Volgograd Oblast
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182 Petr Panov37 M. Laakso and R. T
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8 The representation of business el
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186 Rostislav TurovskiiAt the same
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188 Rostislav Turovskiientrepreneur
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190 Rostislav Turovskiibusiness in
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192 Rostislav Turovskiirepresentati
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194 Rostislav Turovskiiand was sent
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196 Rostislav Turovskiiper cent of
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198 Rostislav Turovskiiof sociologi
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200 Rostislav TurovskiiAs governors
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202 Rostislav Turovskiicompany. Thi
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204 Rostislav TurovskiiNominating f
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206 Rostislav Turovskii14 Budargin
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208 Elena Denezhkina and Adrian Cam
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228 Hellmut Wollmann and Elena Grit
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11 Russia’s elusive pursuit of ba
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250 John F. Youngcentre. This is on
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252 John F. Youngcommonly, however,
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254 John F. Youngcounter-reform. Th
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256 John F. Younglegislative acts o
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258 John F. Youngplay behind these
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260 John F. Youngbeen weakened in i
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262 John F. Young24 Vladimir Gel'ma
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264 Vertical or triangle?alleged mi
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266 Vertical or triangle?The Kozak
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268 Vertical or triangle?critics of
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270 Vertical or triangle?would be n
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272 Vertical or triangle?law-based
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274 Vertical or triangle?difficult
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276 Vertical or triangle?and the go
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278 Vertical or triangle?Given that
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280 Vertical or triangle?In conclus
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282 Vertical or triangle?szelenyi60
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13 Municipal elections and electora
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286 Cameron RossPutin the new PR sy
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288 Cameron RossElections of chairs
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290 Cameron Rosshaving to submit a
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292 Cameron RossMunicipal Raion in
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294 Cameron Ross80 per cent of the
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296 Cameron RossParty competition w
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298 Cameron RossDonskoi has stated
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300 Cameron Rossdominated by member
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302 Cameron Ross10 Vladimr Putin,
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304 Cameron Ross67 Laura Belin, ‘
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306 IndexLankina, Tomila 289Law on
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