Federalism and Local Politics in Russia

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Federal discourses, minority rights, and conflict transformation 8152 Interview with A. I. Grigorev, Deputy Head of the Permanent Mission ofChuvashiya in Moscow, 8 December, 2005.53 On the various conceptions of sovereignty in republican constitutions and therulings of the Constitutional Court of Russia see N. M. Mirichanov, Federalizm,Etnichnost', Gosudarstvennost': Novyi Kurs Rossiiskoi Vlasti, Moskva: ArbaT-XXI, 2002, pp. 170–80.54 Viktor A. Cherepanov, Teoriya Rossiiskovo Federalizma, Moskva: MZ-Press,2005, p. 167.55 William H. Riker, Federalism: Origin, Operation, Significance, Boston, MA: LittleBrown, 1964, p. 111.56 Kelly M. McMann, Nikolai V. Petrov, ‘A survey of democracy in Russia’sregions’, Post-Soviet Geography and Economics, Vol. 41, No. 3, 2000, pp. 155–82.57 Grigorii V. Golosov, Political Parties in the Regions of Russia: DemocracyUnclaimed, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2004, p. 163.58 Gordon M. Hahn, ‘The impact of Putin’s federative reforms on democraization inRussia’, Post-Soviet Affairs, Vol. 19, No. 2, 2003, p. 142.59 M. Steven Fish, Robin S. Brooks, ‘Does diversity hurt democracy?’, Journal ofDemocracy, Vol. 15, No. 1, 2004, pp. 154ff.60 Hahn, p. 148.61 Emil Pain, ‘Reforms in the administration of the regions and their influence onethnopolitical Processes in Russia, 1999–2003’, in Peter Reddaway and Robert W.Orttung (eds), The Dynamics of Russian Politics. Putin’s Reform of Federal-Regional Relations, Vol. II, Lanham, MD: Roman & Littlefield, 2005, p. 356, andTomila Lankina, ‘President Putin’s local government reforms’, in Reddaway andOrttung, pp. 145-77.62 Mikhail Filippov, Olga Shvetsova, ‘Federalism and democracy in Russia.’ Paperprepared for the conference ‘Postcommunist State and Society: Transnational andNational Politics’, Syracuse University, 30 September–1 October, 2005, p. 19ff.63 Robert Bruce Ware, ‘Russian democracy’, Johnson’s Russia List, No. 8395, 4October 2004.64 ‘Stable’ according to Koniucheva, p. 14. The opposite assessment (‘extremelyunstable’) is represented by Gligic-Zolotareva, p. 214.
4 Unification as a political projectThe case of Permskii KraiOksana OrachevaFederalism as a political institution is rightly seen as the most appropriateway of accommodating a country’s size and internal diversity. Harmonizationof important political and cultural differences through the creation of atiered system of government is considered to be one of the fundamentaltenets of a federal political system. In multi-ethnic states, federalism alsoplays a key role in protecting the rights of ethnic minorities and territorialcommunities. 1The Soviet Union provides an example of the co-existence of differenttypes of territorial communities within the same country. The USSR was amulti-layered federation within which another federal body, the RussianRepublic existed. Moreover, it combined two different principles that formedthe federation – territorial and ethnic. After the breakdown of the SovietUnion in 1991 Russia inherited the federal structure that had been codifiedin the 1978 Constitution. Federalism has been seen in a positive light as away to hold the country together.Until 2005, the Russian Federation consisted of twenty-one republics 2based on the ethnic principle; six krais and forty-nine oblasts that are purelyterritorial in character; ten ethnically based autonomous okrugs (see Table4.1); two federal cities, and one autonomous oblast.The Constitution also institutionalized the formation of compound subjectsof the federation, i.e. constituent units of the federation which are situatedwithin larger constituent units – similar to the traditional Russian doll(‘matryoshka’). As Gordon Hahn fairly points out, ‘Russia, the core of theUSSR’s “internal empire”, mirrors its predecessor not only in its territorial,ethnic and confessional incongruence but its weak asymmetrical, “nationterritorial”administrative structure.’ 3 Even though the status quo was preservedand confirmed by the Russian Constitution of 1993, the issue ofRussia’s state territorial structure and the institutionalization of federalprinciples have never been far from the top of the political agenda.Yeltsin’s successor Vladimir Putin, on the contrary, is replacing federalmechanisms by those associated with a unitary state. The foundation ofseven federal districts, 4 the reconfiguration of the Federation Council,appointment of regional governors, centralization of the decision-making
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40 Political and Social Thought inP
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First published 2009by Routledge2 P
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xContents8 The representation of bu
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List of contributorsMichael Burgess
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PrefaceThe chapters in this volume
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AcknowledgementsCameron Ross would
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2 Vladimir Gel'manconclusions on th
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4 Vladimir Gel'man• Recentralizat
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6 Vladimir Gel'manthat they themsel
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8 Vladimir Gel'manprevent unity of
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10 Vladimir Gel'manMeans and endsTh
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12 Vladimir Gel'manthe whole they s
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14 Vladimir Gel'manamendments, know
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16 Vladimir Gel'manfrom above; the
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18 Vladimir Gel'manfall in the aver
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20 Vladimir Gel'mancentralism’ co
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22 Vladimir Gel'man27 Douglass Nort
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24 Vladimir Gel'man78 Gel'man, Ryze
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26 Michael Burgesssuccessor, the Ru
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28 Michael Burgessthese remarks are
Page 47 and 48: 30 Michael BurgessThe legacy of Sov
Page 49 and 50: 32 Michael Burgessintensive constit
Page 51 and 52: 34 Michael Burgess‘federalism’
Page 53 and 54: 36 Michael Burgessriding postilion.
Page 55 and 56: 38 Michael Burgesstradition that al
Page 57 and 58: 40 Michael BurgessAustrian federati
Page 59 and 60: 42 Michael Burgess3 Ethnic diversit
Page 61 and 62: 44 Michael Burgesswhile the Walloon
Page 63 and 64: 46 Michael Burgessmany constituent
Page 65 and 66: 48 Michael Burgessthe special arran
Page 67 and 68: 50 Michael Burgessmodified version
Page 69 and 70: 52 Michael Burgess30 Riker, p. 39.
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Page 73 and 74: 56 Andreas Heinemann-Grüderthe Yel
Page 75 and 76: 58 Andreas Heinemann-GrüderPutin
Page 77 and 78: 60 Andreas Heinemann-GrüderDuma La
Page 79 and 80: 62 Andreas Heinemann-Grüderscatter
Page 81 and 82: 64 Andreas Heinemann-GrüderThe sit
Page 83 and 84: 66 Andreas Heinemann-Grüderis not
Page 85 and 86: 68 Andreas Heinemann-GrüderMany re
Page 87 and 88: 70 Andreas Heinemann-Grüder‘harm
Page 89 and 90: 72 Andreas Heinemann-Grüderstating
Page 91 and 92: 74 Andreas Heinemann-GrüderHahn’
Page 93 and 94: 76 Andreas Heinemann-Grüdercounter
Page 95 and 96: 78 Andreas Heinemann-Grüderreconfi
Page 97: 80 Andreas Heinemann-Grüder30 Inte
Page 101 and 102: Table 4.2 Timetable of regional mer
Page 103 and 104: 86 Oksana Orachevamaking more effec
Page 105 and 106: 88 Oksana Orachevathrough a referen
Page 107 and 108: 90 Oksana Orachevaargue that by the
Page 109 and 110: 92 Oksana OrachevaThus, long before
Page 111 and 112: 94 Oksana Orachevaand the Okrug. 39
Page 113 and 114: 96 Oksana Orachevafor the merger, a
Page 115 and 116: 98 Oksana Orachevamerger. As Yuri S
Page 117 and 118: 100 Oksana Orachevaethnic identity
Page 119 and 120: 102 Oksana Orachevaassemblies in th
Page 121 and 122: 104 Oksana Oracheva28 Sergey Ilyin,
Page 123 and 124: 5 Putin and the election of regiona
Page 125 and 126: 108 Darrell SliderBashkortostan add
Page 127 and 128: 110 Darrell Slidergovernors were of
Page 129 and 130: 112 Darrell SliderPutin’s new pow
Page 131 and 132: 114 Darrell Sliderin turn takes ins
Page 133 and 134: 116 Darrell Sliderpolitical experie
Page 135 and 136: 118 Darrell Sliderappointed represe
Page 137 and 138: 6 Electoral reforms and democratiza
Page 139 and 140: 122 Aleksandr KynevThis phenomenon
Page 141 and 142: 124 Aleksandr Kynevvoluntarily), ni
Page 143 and 144: 126 Aleksandr Kyneveverywhere the p
Page 145 and 146: 128 Aleksandr Kynevregions where el
Page 147 and 148: 130 Aleksandr Kynevthe Federation h
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Table 6.3 Election to legislative a
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134 Aleksandr Kynevgovernors came t
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136 Aleksandr KynevLebedev), the Ru
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138 Aleksandr Kynevof the total of
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140 Aleksandr Kynevcases it was for
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142 Aleksandr Kynevsubmitted, but n
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144 Aleksandr KynevOn the other han
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146 Aleksandr Kynevparliament in Ty
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148 Aleksandr Kynevgovernors and re
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7 Russian political parties and reg
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152 Petr Panovmajoritarianism (‘t
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154 Petr Panov(deputies) who are en
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156 Petr Panovresult, the incentive
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Table 7.1 The share of party deputi
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Table 7.2The share of party deputie
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162 Petr Panov1 ‘Autocracy’ (a
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164 Petr Panovhalf the seats in the
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166 Petr PanovTable 7.3Effective nu
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168 Petr Panovactor. Therefore, the
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170 Petr PanovThe years 2003-4 beca
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172 Petr PanovVladimir Nelyubin, pu
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174 Petr Panovby the previous ‘el
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176 Petr PanovIn addition, the hete
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178 Petr PanovFirst cycleelectionsS
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180 Petr PanovFor Volgograd Oblast
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182 Petr Panov37 M. Laakso and R. T
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8 The representation of business el
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186 Rostislav TurovskiiAt the same
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188 Rostislav Turovskiientrepreneur
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190 Rostislav Turovskiibusiness in
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192 Rostislav Turovskiirepresentati
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194 Rostislav Turovskiiand was sent
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196 Rostislav Turovskiiper cent of
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198 Rostislav Turovskiiof sociologi
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200 Rostislav TurovskiiAs governors
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202 Rostislav Turovskiicompany. Thi
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204 Rostislav TurovskiiNominating f
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206 Rostislav Turovskii14 Budargin
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208 Elena Denezhkina and Adrian Cam
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228 Hellmut Wollmann and Elena Grit
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11 Russia’s elusive pursuit of ba
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250 John F. Youngcentre. This is on
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252 John F. Youngcommonly, however,
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254 John F. Youngcounter-reform. Th
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256 John F. Younglegislative acts o
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258 John F. Youngplay behind these
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260 John F. Youngbeen weakened in i
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262 John F. Young24 Vladimir Gel'ma
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264 Vertical or triangle?alleged mi
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266 Vertical or triangle?The Kozak
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268 Vertical or triangle?critics of
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270 Vertical or triangle?would be n
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272 Vertical or triangle?law-based
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274 Vertical or triangle?difficult
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276 Vertical or triangle?and the go
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278 Vertical or triangle?Given that
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280 Vertical or triangle?In conclus
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282 Vertical or triangle?szelenyi60
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13 Municipal elections and electora
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286 Cameron RossPutin the new PR sy
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288 Cameron RossElections of chairs
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290 Cameron Rosshaving to submit a
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292 Cameron RossMunicipal Raion in
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294 Cameron Ross80 per cent of the
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296 Cameron RossParty competition w
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298 Cameron RossDonskoi has stated
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300 Cameron Rossdominated by member
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302 Cameron Ross10 Vladimr Putin,
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304 Cameron Ross67 Laura Belin, ‘
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306 IndexLankina, Tomila 289Law on
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