Federalism and Local Politics in Russia

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The problem of effective representation 165half the deputies elected in single-member constituencies belong to a party.Party membership is on the rise even in those regions where elections havenot yet taken place (the fourth cycle is not completed).More importantly, party factions are becoming the main ‘unit of representation’.It is parties, not non-party ‘deputy groups’, that are starting tocoordinate the activity of the deputies. In particular, this is expressed inpublic statements on political positions and preferences aired by the factionson behalf of their members. In these circumstances casting votes at electionsbecomes more party-oriented than before. In conclusion, it can now be statedthat the policies of parties are now an important factor in regional politics.It is not unexpected, then, that it is United Russia that has become themost successful party in the regions – it secured over half the seats in fortysubjects of the Federation. Even although its deputies make up less than athird of the assemblies in fifteen regions, the ‘party in power’ has been ableto exercise a major influence through the formation of large legislativefactions in these assemblies (with the exception of Volgograd Oblast andKoryak Autonomous Okrug).Nevertheless, the Centre’s efforts to make United Russia forge strong rootsin the regions has inevitably made other political parties more active. Thereare, however, significant cross-regional differences. The development level ofvarious parties can be measured with an Effective Number of Parties inParliament Index (ENP). 37 The index values for the fourth cycle are given inTable 7.3. 38The table shows that approximately one quarter of the regions demonstratea relative high level of party competition (ENP > 3). There is nothingunexpected in the fact that from the viewpoint of elite configuration almostall these regions belong to the ‘elites settlement’ or ‘fragmented elite’ type.Political figures have an especially strong incentive to invest resources inregional branches of various parties (not only in United Russia) in thoseregions where there is more than one influential political actor. As a rule, themore diversified the political resources in a region, the more competitive thepolitical process and the better developed the regional branches of variouspolitical parties.At the same time there is a group of twelve regions where party competitionis almost non-existent (ENP < 1.5). Among them there are both economicallypoor and rich regions, ‘oblasts’ and ‘ethnic republics’ and‘national autonomies’ (autonomous okrugs/oblast). This shows that the levelof development of political parties at the regional level can be explainedneither by the level of socio-economic development nor by the status of thesubject of the Federation. The key determining factor is the configuration ofthe regional elite. Most regions in this group are ‘autocracies’ (either ‘harsh’or ‘soft’). This suggests that an active party formation promotes, rather thanrestricts, the diversification of regional politics. Regions displaying authoritariantendencies are becoming even more authoritarian, while competitiveregions are turning even more competitive.
166 Petr PanovTable 7.3Effective number of parties in ‘new generation’ regional legislaturesENP>3Amur Oblast 5.00Ryazan 0 Oblast 5.00Tula Oblast 5.00Yaroslavl 0 Oblast 5.00Altai 4.76Ingushetiya 4.38Vladimir Oblast 4.38Khakasiya 4.00Sakhalin Oblast 3.85Kaluga Oblast 3.70Arkhangel 0 sk Oblast 3.57Nenets AO 3.45Kurgan Oblast 3.33Altai Krai 3.23Kostroma Oblast 3.23Novosibirsk Oblast 3.23St Petersburg 3.13Stavropol Krai 3.03No. of regions 18ENP>2
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9 Soviet Music and Societyunder Len
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40 Political and Social Thought inP
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First published 2009by Routledge2 P
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xContents8 The representation of bu
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List of contributorsMichael Burgess
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PrefaceThe chapters in this volume
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AcknowledgementsCameron Ross would
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2 Vladimir Gel'manconclusions on th
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4 Vladimir Gel'man• Recentralizat
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6 Vladimir Gel'manthat they themsel
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8 Vladimir Gel'manprevent unity of
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10 Vladimir Gel'manMeans and endsTh
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12 Vladimir Gel'manthe whole they s
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14 Vladimir Gel'manamendments, know
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16 Vladimir Gel'manfrom above; the
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18 Vladimir Gel'manfall in the aver
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20 Vladimir Gel'mancentralism’ co
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22 Vladimir Gel'man27 Douglass Nort
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24 Vladimir Gel'man78 Gel'man, Ryze
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26 Michael Burgesssuccessor, the Ru
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28 Michael Burgessthese remarks are
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30 Michael BurgessThe legacy of Sov
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32 Michael Burgessintensive constit
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34 Michael Burgess‘federalism’
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36 Michael Burgessriding postilion.
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38 Michael Burgesstradition that al
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40 Michael BurgessAustrian federati
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42 Michael Burgess3 Ethnic diversit
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44 Michael Burgesswhile the Walloon
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46 Michael Burgessmany constituent
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48 Michael Burgessthe special arran
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50 Michael Burgessmodified version
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52 Michael Burgess30 Riker, p. 39.
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3 Federal discourses, minority righ
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56 Andreas Heinemann-Grüderthe Yel
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58 Andreas Heinemann-GrüderPutin
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60 Andreas Heinemann-GrüderDuma La
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62 Andreas Heinemann-Grüderscatter
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64 Andreas Heinemann-GrüderThe sit
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66 Andreas Heinemann-Grüderis not
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68 Andreas Heinemann-GrüderMany re
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70 Andreas Heinemann-Grüder‘harm
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72 Andreas Heinemann-Grüderstating
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74 Andreas Heinemann-GrüderHahn’
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76 Andreas Heinemann-Grüdercounter
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78 Andreas Heinemann-Grüderreconfi
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80 Andreas Heinemann-Grüder30 Inte
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4 Unification as a political projec
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Table 4.2 Timetable of regional mer
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86 Oksana Orachevamaking more effec
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88 Oksana Orachevathrough a referen
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90 Oksana Orachevaargue that by the
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92 Oksana OrachevaThus, long before
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94 Oksana Orachevaand the Okrug. 39
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96 Oksana Orachevafor the merger, a
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98 Oksana Orachevamerger. As Yuri S
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100 Oksana Orachevaethnic identity
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102 Oksana Orachevaassemblies in th
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104 Oksana Oracheva28 Sergey Ilyin,
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5 Putin and the election of regiona
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108 Darrell SliderBashkortostan add
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110 Darrell Slidergovernors were of
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112 Darrell SliderPutin’s new pow
Page 131 and 132: 114 Darrell Sliderin turn takes ins
Page 133 and 134: 116 Darrell Sliderpolitical experie
Page 135 and 136: 118 Darrell Sliderappointed represe
Page 137 and 138: 6 Electoral reforms and democratiza
Page 139 and 140: 122 Aleksandr KynevThis phenomenon
Page 141 and 142: 124 Aleksandr Kynevvoluntarily), ni
Page 143 and 144: 126 Aleksandr Kyneveverywhere the p
Page 145 and 146: 128 Aleksandr Kynevregions where el
Page 147 and 148: 130 Aleksandr Kynevthe Federation h
Page 149 and 150: Table 6.3 Election to legislative a
Page 151 and 152: 134 Aleksandr Kynevgovernors came t
Page 153 and 154: 136 Aleksandr KynevLebedev), the Ru
Page 155 and 156: 138 Aleksandr Kynevof the total of
Page 157 and 158: 140 Aleksandr Kynevcases it was for
Page 159 and 160: 142 Aleksandr Kynevsubmitted, but n
Page 161 and 162: 144 Aleksandr KynevOn the other han
Page 163 and 164: 146 Aleksandr Kynevparliament in Ty
Page 165 and 166: 148 Aleksandr Kynevgovernors and re
Page 167 and 168: 7 Russian political parties and reg
Page 169 and 170: 152 Petr Panovmajoritarianism (‘t
Page 171 and 172: 154 Petr Panov(deputies) who are en
Page 173 and 174: 156 Petr Panovresult, the incentive
Page 175 and 176: Table 7.1 The share of party deputi
Page 177 and 178: Table 7.2The share of party deputie
Page 179 and 180: 162 Petr Panov1 ‘Autocracy’ (a
Page 181: 164 Petr Panovhalf the seats in the
Page 185 and 186: 168 Petr Panovactor. Therefore, the
Page 187 and 188: 170 Petr PanovThe years 2003-4 beca
Page 189 and 190: 172 Petr PanovVladimir Nelyubin, pu
Page 191 and 192: 174 Petr Panovby the previous ‘el
Page 193 and 194: 176 Petr PanovIn addition, the hete
Page 195 and 196: 178 Petr PanovFirst cycleelectionsS
Page 197 and 198: 180 Petr PanovFor Volgograd Oblast
Page 199 and 200: 182 Petr Panov37 M. Laakso and R. T
Page 201 and 202: 8 The representation of business el
Page 203 and 204: 186 Rostislav TurovskiiAt the same
Page 205 and 206: 188 Rostislav Turovskiientrepreneur
Page 207 and 208: 190 Rostislav Turovskiibusiness in
Page 209 and 210: 192 Rostislav Turovskiirepresentati
Page 211 and 212: 194 Rostislav Turovskiiand was sent
Page 213 and 214: 196 Rostislav Turovskiiper cent of
Page 215 and 216: 198 Rostislav Turovskiiof sociologi
Page 217 and 218: 200 Rostislav TurovskiiAs governors
Page 219 and 220: 202 Rostislav Turovskiicompany. Thi
Page 221 and 222: 204 Rostislav TurovskiiNominating f
Page 223 and 224: 206 Rostislav Turovskii14 Budargin
Page 225 and 226: 208 Elena Denezhkina and Adrian Cam
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216 Elena Denezhkina and Adrian Cam
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228 Hellmut Wollmann and Elena Grit
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11 Russia’s elusive pursuit of ba
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250 John F. Youngcentre. This is on
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252 John F. Youngcommonly, however,
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254 John F. Youngcounter-reform. Th
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256 John F. Younglegislative acts o
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258 John F. Youngplay behind these
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260 John F. Youngbeen weakened in i
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262 John F. Young24 Vladimir Gel'ma
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264 Vertical or triangle?alleged mi
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266 Vertical or triangle?The Kozak
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268 Vertical or triangle?critics of
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270 Vertical or triangle?would be n
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272 Vertical or triangle?law-based
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274 Vertical or triangle?difficult
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276 Vertical or triangle?and the go
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278 Vertical or triangle?Given that
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280 Vertical or triangle?In conclus
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282 Vertical or triangle?szelenyi60
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13 Municipal elections and electora
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286 Cameron RossPutin the new PR sy
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288 Cameron RossElections of chairs
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290 Cameron Rosshaving to submit a
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292 Cameron RossMunicipal Raion in
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294 Cameron Ross80 per cent of the
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296 Cameron RossParty competition w
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298 Cameron RossDonskoi has stated
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300 Cameron Rossdominated by member
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302 Cameron Ross10 Vladimr Putin,
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304 Cameron Ross67 Laura Belin, ‘
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306 IndexLankina, Tomila 289Law on
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