Federalism and Local Politics in Russia

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Local self-government in Russia 247Wollmann and Roland Roth (eds), Kommunalpolitik, Opladen Leske and Budrich,1999, pp. 50–67.50 See Wollmann and Butusowa 2003, p. 216.51 See Itogi monitoringa realizatsii Federal'nogo Zakona ot 6 oktabrya 2003 No. 131,Moscow: Ministerstvo Regional'novo Razvitiya, 2006, p. 15.52 ‘Kontrol' za ispolneiem... polnomochii po resheniyu voprosov mestnovo znacheniya’.53 For a discussion of the controversy whether the ‘division of power’ concept can beapplied to the LSG level, see n. 49 above.54 See Mildner 1996, pp. 87 ff., Wollmann 2004, p. 108.55 See Wollmann 2004, pp. 109 ff. for details and references.56 See Wollmann and Butusowa 2003, pp. 230 ff for details and references57 See Itogi moniforinga, 2006, p. 19.58 See James H. Svara, ‘Institutional form and political leadership in American citygovernment’, in Rikke Berg and Nirmala Rao (eds), Transforming Local PoliticalLeadership, Houndmills: Palgrave 2005, pp. 131 ff.59 See Nirmala Rao, ‘From committee to leaders and cabinets: the British experience’,in Rikke Berg and Nirmala Rao, p. 45. Out of 386 English local authoritiesthe ‘mayor plus city manager’ option has been put in place only in one case, ibid.,p. 5060 See, Itogi monitoringa realizatsii, p.19.61 For references see Wollmann 2007 (see n. 51 above).62 See Sergey Mitrokhin, ‘Osobennosti realizatsii munitsipal'novo proekta v Rossii:nekotorye aspekty federal'noi politiki’, in Sergei Ryzhenkov and Nikolai Vinnik(eds.), Reforma mestnovo samoupravleniia v regional'nom izmerenii. Po materialamiz 21 regiona Rossiiskoi Federatsii, Moscow: Moscow Public Science Foundation,1999, p. 21.63 See Peter Reddaway, ‘Will Putin be able to consolidate his power?’, inPost-SovietAffairs, 17, No. 1, 2001, pp. 23–44.64 See note Gel’man 2007.65 For an overview see ibid.66 Ibid., p. 5.67 Ibid.68 See Wollmann 2004, p. 108.69 See I. I. Ovchinnikov, ‘Aktual'nye problemy formirovaniya mestnovo samoupravleniyav RF’, Gosudarstvo i Pravo, No. 5, 1997, pp. 31–33. See also, VladimirGel'man and Olga Senatova, ‘Political Reform in the Russian Provinces. Trendssince October 1993’, unpuplished manuscript, 1995.70 See Mildner 1996, p. 115.71 See Wollmann 2004, p. 111.72 See Mitrokhin 1999,73 See Wollmann and Butusowa 2003, p. 235; Tomila Lankina, ‘The central uses ofcentral government in Russia’, 2001, unpublished manusript. For a recent casestudy-basedanalysis see Tomila Lankina, Anneke Hudalla, and HellmutWollmann, Decentralisation and Local Performance in Central and EasternEurope, Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.74 Gel'man 200775 For case studies on (Siberian) big industrial cities (‘one company towns’) see JohnC. Webb, ‘Energy development and local government in western Siberia’, inAlfred B. Evans, Jr. and Vladimir Gel'man (eds), The Politics of LocalGovernment, pp. 235–73.76 K. V. Aranovskii and S. D. Knzazev, ‘Munitsipal'naya reforma v Rossii: razvitiemestnovo samoupravleniya ili detsentralizatsiya gosudarstvennoi administatsii’, inPravovedenie, 271, No. 2, 2007, pp. 3–20.
11 Russia’s elusive pursuit of balance inlocal government reformJohn F. YoungLocal governments are vulnerable in all varieties of state organization, andtheir autonomy and capacity are especially vulnerable in federal systems. 1Subordinated to two levels of government, the development of local governmentin the Russian Federation can be constrained by intergovernmentaldynamics as well as other political, economic and social forces. Despite thelatest round of local government reform – the third such effort in Russia intwo decades – at best there are legitimate grounds for only guarded optimismthat local governments can gain a minimal capacity to regulate and managea share of public affairs under their own responsibility and in the interests ofthe local population. 2 This chapter examines the historical, political, economicand social contexts of local government in contemporary Russia withthe intent to illuminate dimensions of Russian federalism.Writing in the early twentieth century, British education reformer E. SalterDavies noted the challenge of finding a balance between central authorityand local government. ‘The supreme problem of local government’, hedeclared, ‘is to achieve the golden mean between over-centralization andexcessive decentralization.’ The former may lead to a soulless uniformity andto a lack of interest on the part of those most affected, while the latter, at itsworst, leads to chaos. 3 This challenge not only captures the conundrum oflocal government reform in Russia, it also underscores how universal thechallenge is in administration generally. Comparative perspectives on localgovernment highlight the various democratic arguments for both centralizationand decentralization. Centralized authority, for example, can ensurecompliance with the implementation of policy, promote equality of services,provide an antidote to parochialism or local corruption, coordinate administration,offer cost effectiveness, and draw effectively from expert and professionalexperience. In contrast, it is argued that decentralized authoritypromotes innovation, improves responsiveness to local interests, provideschecks and balances to the abuse of power, and fosters both public participationand opportunities for leadership training. 4 Neither centralization nordecentralization are inherently undemocratic. Such debates from publicadministration theory become more relevant with the realization that erringtowards one side inevitably comes at the expense of the other. An apt
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9 Soviet Music and Societyunder Len
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40 Political and Social Thought inP
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First published 2009by Routledge2 P
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xContents8 The representation of bu
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List of contributorsMichael Burgess
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PrefaceThe chapters in this volume
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AcknowledgementsCameron Ross would
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2 Vladimir Gel'manconclusions on th
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4 Vladimir Gel'man• Recentralizat
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6 Vladimir Gel'manthat they themsel
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8 Vladimir Gel'manprevent unity of
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10 Vladimir Gel'manMeans and endsTh
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12 Vladimir Gel'manthe whole they s
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14 Vladimir Gel'manamendments, know
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16 Vladimir Gel'manfrom above; the
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18 Vladimir Gel'manfall in the aver
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20 Vladimir Gel'mancentralism’ co
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22 Vladimir Gel'man27 Douglass Nort
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24 Vladimir Gel'man78 Gel'man, Ryze
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26 Michael Burgesssuccessor, the Ru
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28 Michael Burgessthese remarks are
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30 Michael BurgessThe legacy of Sov
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32 Michael Burgessintensive constit
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34 Michael Burgess‘federalism’
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36 Michael Burgessriding postilion.
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38 Michael Burgesstradition that al
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40 Michael BurgessAustrian federati
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42 Michael Burgess3 Ethnic diversit
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44 Michael Burgesswhile the Walloon
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46 Michael Burgessmany constituent
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48 Michael Burgessthe special arran
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50 Michael Burgessmodified version
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52 Michael Burgess30 Riker, p. 39.
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3 Federal discourses, minority righ
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56 Andreas Heinemann-Grüderthe Yel
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58 Andreas Heinemann-GrüderPutin
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60 Andreas Heinemann-GrüderDuma La
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62 Andreas Heinemann-Grüderscatter
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64 Andreas Heinemann-GrüderThe sit
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66 Andreas Heinemann-Grüderis not
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68 Andreas Heinemann-GrüderMany re
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70 Andreas Heinemann-Grüder‘harm
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72 Andreas Heinemann-Grüderstating
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74 Andreas Heinemann-GrüderHahn’
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76 Andreas Heinemann-Grüdercounter
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78 Andreas Heinemann-Grüderreconfi
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80 Andreas Heinemann-Grüder30 Inte
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4 Unification as a political projec
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Table 4.2 Timetable of regional mer
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86 Oksana Orachevamaking more effec
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88 Oksana Orachevathrough a referen
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90 Oksana Orachevaargue that by the
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92 Oksana OrachevaThus, long before
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94 Oksana Orachevaand the Okrug. 39
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96 Oksana Orachevafor the merger, a
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98 Oksana Orachevamerger. As Yuri S
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100 Oksana Orachevaethnic identity
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102 Oksana Orachevaassemblies in th
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104 Oksana Oracheva28 Sergey Ilyin,
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5 Putin and the election of regiona
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108 Darrell SliderBashkortostan add
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110 Darrell Slidergovernors were of
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112 Darrell SliderPutin’s new pow
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114 Darrell Sliderin turn takes ins
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116 Darrell Sliderpolitical experie
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118 Darrell Sliderappointed represe
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6 Electoral reforms and democratiza
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122 Aleksandr KynevThis phenomenon
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124 Aleksandr Kynevvoluntarily), ni
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126 Aleksandr Kyneveverywhere the p
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128 Aleksandr Kynevregions where el
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130 Aleksandr Kynevthe Federation h
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Table 6.3 Election to legislative a
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134 Aleksandr Kynevgovernors came t
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136 Aleksandr KynevLebedev), the Ru
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138 Aleksandr Kynevof the total of
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140 Aleksandr Kynevcases it was for
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142 Aleksandr Kynevsubmitted, but n
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144 Aleksandr KynevOn the other han
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146 Aleksandr Kynevparliament in Ty
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148 Aleksandr Kynevgovernors and re
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7 Russian political parties and reg
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152 Petr Panovmajoritarianism (‘t
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154 Petr Panov(deputies) who are en
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156 Petr Panovresult, the incentive
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Table 7.1 The share of party deputi
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Table 7.2The share of party deputie
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162 Petr Panov1 ‘Autocracy’ (a
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164 Petr Panovhalf the seats in the
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166 Petr PanovTable 7.3Effective nu
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168 Petr Panovactor. Therefore, the
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170 Petr PanovThe years 2003-4 beca
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172 Petr PanovVladimir Nelyubin, pu
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174 Petr Panovby the previous ‘el
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176 Petr PanovIn addition, the hete
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178 Petr PanovFirst cycleelectionsS
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180 Petr PanovFor Volgograd Oblast
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182 Petr Panov37 M. Laakso and R. T
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8 The representation of business el
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186 Rostislav TurovskiiAt the same
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188 Rostislav Turovskiientrepreneur
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190 Rostislav Turovskiibusiness in
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192 Rostislav Turovskiirepresentati
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194 Rostislav Turovskiiand was sent
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Page 219 and 220: 202 Rostislav Turovskiicompany. Thi
Page 221 and 222: 204 Rostislav TurovskiiNominating f
Page 223 and 224: 206 Rostislav Turovskii14 Budargin
Page 225 and 226: 208 Elena Denezhkina and Adrian Cam
Page 245 and 246: 228 Hellmut Wollmann and Elena Grit
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Page 267 and 268: 250 John F. Youngcentre. This is on
Page 269 and 270: 252 John F. Youngcommonly, however,
Page 271 and 272: 254 John F. Youngcounter-reform. Th
Page 273 and 274: 256 John F. Younglegislative acts o
Page 275 and 276: 258 John F. Youngplay behind these
Page 277 and 278: 260 John F. Youngbeen weakened in i
Page 279 and 280: 262 John F. Young24 Vladimir Gel'ma
Page 281 and 282: 264 Vertical or triangle?alleged mi
Page 283 and 284: 266 Vertical or triangle?The Kozak
Page 285 and 286: 268 Vertical or triangle?critics of
Page 287 and 288: 270 Vertical or triangle?would be n
Page 289 and 290: 272 Vertical or triangle?law-based
Page 291 and 292: 274 Vertical or triangle?difficult
Page 293 and 294: 276 Vertical or triangle?and the go
Page 295 and 296: 278 Vertical or triangle?Given that
Page 297 and 298: 280 Vertical or triangle?In conclus
Page 299 and 300: 282 Vertical or triangle?szelenyi60
Page 301 and 302: 13 Municipal elections and electora
Page 303 and 304: 286 Cameron RossPutin the new PR sy
Page 305 and 306: 288 Cameron RossElections of chairs
Page 307 and 308: 290 Cameron Rosshaving to submit a
Page 309 and 310: 292 Cameron RossMunicipal Raion in
Page 311 and 312: 294 Cameron Ross80 per cent of the
Page 313 and 314: 296 Cameron RossParty competition w
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298 Cameron RossDonskoi has stated
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300 Cameron Rossdominated by member
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302 Cameron Ross10 Vladimr Putin,
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304 Cameron Ross67 Laura Belin, ‘
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306 IndexLankina, Tomila 289Law on
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