Federalism and Local Politics in Russia

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Table 13.3 Party membership of municipal councils and heads of municipalities in December 2005. (Number of members and (per cent))RuralSettlementsCouncilsCitySettlementsCouncilsMunicipalRaionsCouncilsCityDistrictCouncilsRuralSettlementsHeads ofMunicip.CitySettlementsHeads ofMunicip.MunicipalRaions Headsof Municip.CityDistrict Headsof Municip.Total No ofDeputies148708 19776 21637 7322 11626 1172 982 314United Russia 22629 (15.2) 3380 (17.0) 3340 (15.4) 1287 (17.5) 1950 (16.7) 236 (20.1) 205 (20.8) 66 (21.0)CPRF 1410 (0.9) 507 (2.5) 918 (4.24) 200 (2.7) 285 (2.4) 24 (2.0) 26 (2.6) 2 (0.6)LDPR 187 (0.1) 102 (0.5) 79 (0.3) 44 (0.6) 34 (0.2) 18 (1.5) 12 (1.2) 6 (1.9)Rodina 126 (0.08) 93 (0.4) 93 (0.4) 47 (0.6) 3 (0.02) 2 (0.1) 1 (0.1) 0 (0.0)Yabloko 15 (0.01) 1 (0.005) 9 (0.04) 16 (0.21) 1 (0.008) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0)SPS 11 (0.007) 3 (0.015) 11 (0.05) 10 (0.1) 1 (0.008) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 1 (0.3)Others 1385 (0.9) 116 (0.5) 311 (1.4) 154 (2.1) 76 (0.6) 7 (0.5) 16 (1.6) 2 (0.6)Source: Vestnik Tesentral’noi Izbiratel’noi Komissii Federastii, No. 2 (193), 2006, p. 260. Does not include data for Chechnya and Ingushetiya.Key: CPRF=Communist Party of Russian Federation; LDPR=Liberal Democratic Party of Russia; SPS=Union of Right Forces.Percentages added by author.
296 Cameron RossParty competition was also much greater in the capital cities of the federalsubjects where there were fierce battles for power. 40 Thus for example, inIzhevsk, the capital city of Udmurtiya, 223 candidates contested the 42 seatsfor the City Council in the elections of 16 October 2005. Party membershipis also much higher amongst the mayors of capital cities. Thus, for example,in my study of seventy mayors of capital cities (in post as of March 2007),sixty-two were members of a political party, and of these, fifty-nine weremembers of United Russia: two were members of ‘A Just Russia’, and onewas a member of the ‘People’s Will’ party.Appointment of mayors of regional capital citiesOver the last few years there has been a vigorous debate within the Russianpolitical establishment over the vexed question of granting regional leadersthe power to appoint the mayors of their capital cities. In November 2006,the Governor of Sverdlovsk, Aleksandr Levin, stated that:sooner or later mayors would be chosen in the same way as governors.Governors would nominate candidates for mayors in local representativeorgans, deputies would vote on their choice. If we build a power vertical itshould not be interrupted at the level of the governors. It should penetrateall structures – from the president to the heads of rural settlements. 41As Coalson notes, public support for such a policy has also come from anumber of high-ranking politicians, such as: Lyubov Sliska, the First DeputyChair of the Duma (and a member of United Russia); Vladimir Zhirinovsky,Deputy Chair of the Duma (head of the Liberal Democratic Party ofRussia); Vladislav Surkov, Deputy Head of the Presidential Administration.However, other key politicians, such as Boris Gryzlov, Chair of the Duma(head of United Russia), have declared their opposition to such a move. 42Critics of the proposed amendments also argue that the elimination ofmayoral elections would require changes to the Russian Constitution. Article32.2 states that: ‘Citizens of the Russian Federation shall have the right to beelected to bodies of state governance and organs of local self-government.’Furthermore, Article 130.2 declares that ‘local-self government shall beexercised by the citizens through referendums, elections, and forms ofexpression of their will, through elected and other bodies of local selfgovernment’,and Article 131.1, states that ‘the structure of bodies of localself-government shall be determined by the population independently’. 43 Theappointment of mayors would also violate the ‘European Charter of LocalSelf-Government’ to which Russia is a signatory. Article 3.2 of the Charterstipulates that rights in the field of local self-government must be exercisedby democratically constituted authorities. 44At a meeting of an All-Russia Inter-municipal Forum in Novosibirsk inNovember 2006, fifty mayors of Siberian cities sent an appeal against the
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40 Political and Social Thought inP
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First published 2009by Routledge2 P
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xContents8 The representation of bu
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List of contributorsMichael Burgess
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PrefaceThe chapters in this volume
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AcknowledgementsCameron Ross would
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2 Vladimir Gel'manconclusions on th
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4 Vladimir Gel'man• Recentralizat
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6 Vladimir Gel'manthat they themsel
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8 Vladimir Gel'manprevent unity of
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10 Vladimir Gel'manMeans and endsTh
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12 Vladimir Gel'manthe whole they s
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14 Vladimir Gel'manamendments, know
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16 Vladimir Gel'manfrom above; the
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18 Vladimir Gel'manfall in the aver
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20 Vladimir Gel'mancentralism’ co
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22 Vladimir Gel'man27 Douglass Nort
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24 Vladimir Gel'man78 Gel'man, Ryze
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26 Michael Burgesssuccessor, the Ru
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28 Michael Burgessthese remarks are
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30 Michael BurgessThe legacy of Sov
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32 Michael Burgessintensive constit
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34 Michael Burgess‘federalism’
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36 Michael Burgessriding postilion.
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38 Michael Burgesstradition that al
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40 Michael BurgessAustrian federati
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42 Michael Burgess3 Ethnic diversit
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44 Michael Burgesswhile the Walloon
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46 Michael Burgessmany constituent
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48 Michael Burgessthe special arran
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50 Michael Burgessmodified version
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52 Michael Burgess30 Riker, p. 39.
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3 Federal discourses, minority righ
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56 Andreas Heinemann-Grüderthe Yel
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58 Andreas Heinemann-GrüderPutin
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60 Andreas Heinemann-GrüderDuma La
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62 Andreas Heinemann-Grüderscatter
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64 Andreas Heinemann-GrüderThe sit
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66 Andreas Heinemann-Grüderis not
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68 Andreas Heinemann-GrüderMany re
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70 Andreas Heinemann-Grüder‘harm
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72 Andreas Heinemann-Grüderstating
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74 Andreas Heinemann-GrüderHahn’
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76 Andreas Heinemann-Grüdercounter
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78 Andreas Heinemann-Grüderreconfi
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80 Andreas Heinemann-Grüder30 Inte
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4 Unification as a political projec
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Table 4.2 Timetable of regional mer
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86 Oksana Orachevamaking more effec
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88 Oksana Orachevathrough a referen
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90 Oksana Orachevaargue that by the
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92 Oksana OrachevaThus, long before
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94 Oksana Orachevaand the Okrug. 39
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96 Oksana Orachevafor the merger, a
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98 Oksana Orachevamerger. As Yuri S
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100 Oksana Orachevaethnic identity
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102 Oksana Orachevaassemblies in th
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104 Oksana Oracheva28 Sergey Ilyin,
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5 Putin and the election of regiona
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108 Darrell SliderBashkortostan add
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110 Darrell Slidergovernors were of
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112 Darrell SliderPutin’s new pow
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114 Darrell Sliderin turn takes ins
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116 Darrell Sliderpolitical experie
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118 Darrell Sliderappointed represe
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6 Electoral reforms and democratiza
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122 Aleksandr KynevThis phenomenon
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124 Aleksandr Kynevvoluntarily), ni
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126 Aleksandr Kyneveverywhere the p
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128 Aleksandr Kynevregions where el
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130 Aleksandr Kynevthe Federation h
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Table 6.3 Election to legislative a
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134 Aleksandr Kynevgovernors came t
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136 Aleksandr KynevLebedev), the Ru
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138 Aleksandr Kynevof the total of
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140 Aleksandr Kynevcases it was for
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142 Aleksandr Kynevsubmitted, but n
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144 Aleksandr KynevOn the other han
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146 Aleksandr Kynevparliament in Ty
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148 Aleksandr Kynevgovernors and re
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7 Russian political parties and reg
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152 Petr Panovmajoritarianism (‘t
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154 Petr Panov(deputies) who are en
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156 Petr Panovresult, the incentive
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Table 7.1 The share of party deputi
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Table 7.2The share of party deputie
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162 Petr Panov1 ‘Autocracy’ (a
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164 Petr Panovhalf the seats in the
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166 Petr PanovTable 7.3Effective nu
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168 Petr Panovactor. Therefore, the
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170 Petr PanovThe years 2003-4 beca
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172 Petr PanovVladimir Nelyubin, pu
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174 Petr Panovby the previous ‘el
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176 Petr PanovIn addition, the hete
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178 Petr PanovFirst cycleelectionsS
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180 Petr PanovFor Volgograd Oblast
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182 Petr Panov37 M. Laakso and R. T
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8 The representation of business el
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186 Rostislav TurovskiiAt the same
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188 Rostislav Turovskiientrepreneur
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190 Rostislav Turovskiibusiness in
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192 Rostislav Turovskiirepresentati
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194 Rostislav Turovskiiand was sent
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196 Rostislav Turovskiiper cent of
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198 Rostislav Turovskiiof sociologi
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200 Rostislav TurovskiiAs governors
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202 Rostislav Turovskiicompany. Thi
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204 Rostislav TurovskiiNominating f
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206 Rostislav Turovskii14 Budargin
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208 Elena Denezhkina and Adrian Cam
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228 Hellmut Wollmann and Elena Grit
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Page 261 and 262: 244 Hellmut Wollmann and Elena Grit
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Page 265 and 266: 11 Russia’s elusive pursuit of ba
Page 267 and 268: 250 John F. Youngcentre. This is on
Page 269 and 270: 252 John F. Youngcommonly, however,
Page 271 and 272: 254 John F. Youngcounter-reform. Th
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Page 275 and 276: 258 John F. Youngplay behind these
Page 277 and 278: 260 John F. Youngbeen weakened in i
Page 279 and 280: 262 John F. Young24 Vladimir Gel'ma
Page 281 and 282: 264 Vertical or triangle?alleged mi
Page 283 and 284: 266 Vertical or triangle?The Kozak
Page 285 and 286: 268 Vertical or triangle?critics of
Page 287 and 288: 270 Vertical or triangle?would be n
Page 289 and 290: 272 Vertical or triangle?law-based
Page 291 and 292: 274 Vertical or triangle?difficult
Page 293 and 294: 276 Vertical or triangle?and the go
Page 295 and 296: 278 Vertical or triangle?Given that
Page 297 and 298: 280 Vertical or triangle?In conclus
Page 299 and 300: 282 Vertical or triangle?szelenyi60
Page 301 and 302: 13 Municipal elections and electora
Page 303 and 304: 286 Cameron RossPutin the new PR sy
Page 305 and 306: 288 Cameron RossElections of chairs
Page 307 and 308: 290 Cameron Rosshaving to submit a
Page 309 and 310: 292 Cameron RossMunicipal Raion in
Page 311: 294 Cameron Ross80 per cent of the
Page 315 and 316: 298 Cameron RossDonskoi has stated
Page 317 and 318: 300 Cameron Rossdominated by member
Page 319 and 320: 302 Cameron Ross10 Vladimr Putin,
Page 321 and 322: 304 Cameron Ross67 Laura Belin, ‘
Page 323: 306 IndexLankina, Tomila 289Law on
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