Federalism and Local Politics in Russia

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The problem of effective representation 18351 In 2003 the State Duma election the party also had fairly good result in Permregion – 4.38 per cent.52 After amendments were introduced to the Federal Law in 2004, to be officiallyrecognized a political party must have no less than 500 members (formerly 100) inover half of the subjects of the Federation.
8 The representation of business elites inregional politicsÉtatism, elitism, and clientelismRostislav TurovskiiBusiness and politics are closely connected. Many members of the businesselite are members of influential interest groups. In democratic polyarchies,western students of political science have noted the disproportionate influenceof large economic corporations in the political process. 1 The role of economiccorporations with their resources and political interests is one of thereasons for a deformation of polyarchies, in which the dispersion of power isfar from even.Russia is clearly not a western-type polyarchy. The concentration of powerin the hands of certain influence groups is much higher than in the West, andpolitically active business structures usually compete with high-ranking stateofficials for influence or enter into clientelistic relations with them. TheRussian situation should be analysed from the standpoint of elitism, ratherthan competitive polyarchy because of this massive concentration of powerin the hands of power and business elites. Members of these economic andpolitical elites are closely intertwined and at the same time split into rivallinggroups.Unequal access to power has been characteristic of Russia at every stageof its history. The post-Soviet period is no exception, epitomized as it is by asharp increase in socio-economic inequalities and new and deeper forms ofsocial inequality brought about in the transition from communism to capitalism.When public interest in politics is low, personal involvement is insignificant andparty politics and interest group activity is badly organized, politics becomes aplayground for small groups well endowed with financial resources and roots inthe business environment, or those enjoying patrimonial–clientelistic relationswith the business environment.The universal rationality model, or ‘rational choice theory’, seems to bethe most obvious analytic paradigm to employ when studying the politicalactivity of business structures and individual entrepreneurs. This stems fromanother principle widely regarded as self-evident, namely that an entrepreneuris by definition a rational actor in the economic realm and that suchrational behaviour will be transferred to the political realm. In our case gainmeans not only a growth of political influence, but also an expansion of thefirms of those entrepreneurs who engage in politics. The political market, as
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9 Soviet Music and Societyunder Len
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40 Political and Social Thought inP
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First published 2009by Routledge2 P
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xContents8 The representation of bu
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List of contributorsMichael Burgess
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PrefaceThe chapters in this volume
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AcknowledgementsCameron Ross would
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2 Vladimir Gel'manconclusions on th
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4 Vladimir Gel'man• Recentralizat
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6 Vladimir Gel'manthat they themsel
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8 Vladimir Gel'manprevent unity of
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10 Vladimir Gel'manMeans and endsTh
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12 Vladimir Gel'manthe whole they s
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14 Vladimir Gel'manamendments, know
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16 Vladimir Gel'manfrom above; the
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18 Vladimir Gel'manfall in the aver
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20 Vladimir Gel'mancentralism’ co
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22 Vladimir Gel'man27 Douglass Nort
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24 Vladimir Gel'man78 Gel'man, Ryze
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26 Michael Burgesssuccessor, the Ru
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28 Michael Burgessthese remarks are
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30 Michael BurgessThe legacy of Sov
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32 Michael Burgessintensive constit
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34 Michael Burgess‘federalism’
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36 Michael Burgessriding postilion.
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38 Michael Burgesstradition that al
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40 Michael BurgessAustrian federati
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42 Michael Burgess3 Ethnic diversit
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44 Michael Burgesswhile the Walloon
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46 Michael Burgessmany constituent
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48 Michael Burgessthe special arran
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50 Michael Burgessmodified version
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52 Michael Burgess30 Riker, p. 39.
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3 Federal discourses, minority righ
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56 Andreas Heinemann-Grüderthe Yel
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58 Andreas Heinemann-GrüderPutin
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60 Andreas Heinemann-GrüderDuma La
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62 Andreas Heinemann-Grüderscatter
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64 Andreas Heinemann-GrüderThe sit
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66 Andreas Heinemann-Grüderis not
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68 Andreas Heinemann-GrüderMany re
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70 Andreas Heinemann-Grüder‘harm
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72 Andreas Heinemann-Grüderstating
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74 Andreas Heinemann-GrüderHahn’
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76 Andreas Heinemann-Grüdercounter
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78 Andreas Heinemann-Grüderreconfi
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80 Andreas Heinemann-Grüder30 Inte
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4 Unification as a political projec
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Table 4.2 Timetable of regional mer
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86 Oksana Orachevamaking more effec
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88 Oksana Orachevathrough a referen
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90 Oksana Orachevaargue that by the
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92 Oksana OrachevaThus, long before
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94 Oksana Orachevaand the Okrug. 39
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96 Oksana Orachevafor the merger, a
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98 Oksana Orachevamerger. As Yuri S
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100 Oksana Orachevaethnic identity
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102 Oksana Orachevaassemblies in th
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104 Oksana Oracheva28 Sergey Ilyin,
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5 Putin and the election of regiona
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108 Darrell SliderBashkortostan add
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110 Darrell Slidergovernors were of
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112 Darrell SliderPutin’s new pow
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114 Darrell Sliderin turn takes ins
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116 Darrell Sliderpolitical experie
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118 Darrell Sliderappointed represe
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6 Electoral reforms and democratiza
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122 Aleksandr KynevThis phenomenon
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124 Aleksandr Kynevvoluntarily), ni
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126 Aleksandr Kyneveverywhere the p
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128 Aleksandr Kynevregions where el
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130 Aleksandr Kynevthe Federation h
Page 149 and 150: Table 6.3 Election to legislative a
Page 151 and 152: 134 Aleksandr Kynevgovernors came t
Page 153 and 154: 136 Aleksandr KynevLebedev), the Ru
Page 155 and 156: 138 Aleksandr Kynevof the total of
Page 157 and 158: 140 Aleksandr Kynevcases it was for
Page 159 and 160: 142 Aleksandr Kynevsubmitted, but n
Page 161 and 162: 144 Aleksandr KynevOn the other han
Page 163 and 164: 146 Aleksandr Kynevparliament in Ty
Page 165 and 166: 148 Aleksandr Kynevgovernors and re
Page 167 and 168: 7 Russian political parties and reg
Page 169 and 170: 152 Petr Panovmajoritarianism (‘t
Page 171 and 172: 154 Petr Panov(deputies) who are en
Page 173 and 174: 156 Petr Panovresult, the incentive
Page 175 and 176: Table 7.1 The share of party deputi
Page 177 and 178: Table 7.2The share of party deputie
Page 179 and 180: 162 Petr Panov1 ‘Autocracy’ (a
Page 181 and 182: 164 Petr Panovhalf the seats in the
Page 183 and 184: 166 Petr PanovTable 7.3Effective nu
Page 185 and 186: 168 Petr Panovactor. Therefore, the
Page 187 and 188: 170 Petr PanovThe years 2003-4 beca
Page 189 and 190: 172 Petr PanovVladimir Nelyubin, pu
Page 191 and 192: 174 Petr Panovby the previous ‘el
Page 193 and 194: 176 Petr PanovIn addition, the hete
Page 195 and 196: 178 Petr PanovFirst cycleelectionsS
Page 197 and 198: 180 Petr PanovFor Volgograd Oblast
Page 199: 182 Petr Panov37 M. Laakso and R. T
Page 203 and 204: 186 Rostislav TurovskiiAt the same
Page 205 and 206: 188 Rostislav Turovskiientrepreneur
Page 207 and 208: 190 Rostislav Turovskiibusiness in
Page 209 and 210: 192 Rostislav Turovskiirepresentati
Page 211 and 212: 194 Rostislav Turovskiiand was sent
Page 213 and 214: 196 Rostislav Turovskiiper cent of
Page 215 and 216: 198 Rostislav Turovskiiof sociologi
Page 217 and 218: 200 Rostislav TurovskiiAs governors
Page 219 and 220: 202 Rostislav Turovskiicompany. Thi
Page 221 and 222: 204 Rostislav TurovskiiNominating f
Page 223 and 224: 206 Rostislav Turovskii14 Budargin
Page 225 and 226: 208 Elena Denezhkina and Adrian Cam
Page 245 and 246: 228 Hellmut Wollmann and Elena Grit
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234 Hellmut Wollmann and Elena Grit
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11 Russia’s elusive pursuit of ba
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250 John F. Youngcentre. This is on
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252 John F. Youngcommonly, however,
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254 John F. Youngcounter-reform. Th
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256 John F. Younglegislative acts o
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258 John F. Youngplay behind these
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260 John F. Youngbeen weakened in i
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262 John F. Young24 Vladimir Gel'ma
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264 Vertical or triangle?alleged mi
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266 Vertical or triangle?The Kozak
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268 Vertical or triangle?critics of
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270 Vertical or triangle?would be n
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272 Vertical or triangle?law-based
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274 Vertical or triangle?difficult
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276 Vertical or triangle?and the go
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278 Vertical or triangle?Given that
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280 Vertical or triangle?In conclus
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282 Vertical or triangle?szelenyi60
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13 Municipal elections and electora
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286 Cameron RossPutin the new PR sy
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288 Cameron RossElections of chairs
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290 Cameron Rosshaving to submit a
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292 Cameron RossMunicipal Raion in
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294 Cameron Ross80 per cent of the
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296 Cameron RossParty competition w
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298 Cameron RossDonskoi has stated
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300 Cameron Rossdominated by member
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302 Cameron Ross10 Vladimr Putin,
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304 Cameron Ross67 Laura Belin, ‘
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306 IndexLankina, Tomila 289Law on
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