Federalism and Local Politics in Russia

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The problem of effective representation 177intra-party interaction depends on the correlation of resources and interestsof party leaders. In ‘autocratic’ regions the dominant actor usually controlsthe regional branch of United Russia, and all other parties are marginalized.In ‘competitive’ regions the situation is different. In principle, a ‘pure’ modelis possible, when the party configuration accurately reflects the makeup ofthe regional elite, but in reality there are two ways in which political practicecan deviate from such a model. On the one hand, contradictions betweenelite groups can become internalized within parties, which can cause splitswithin party organizations. On the other hand, influential actors can extendtheir control over several regional party organizations at one time.As far as the ‘vertical’ dimension is concerned, the more influential(resource-contributing) actors are involved in a regional branch of a party,the weaker is the ability of the central party leadership to maintain control.The degree of subordination varies significantly from region to region andfrom party to party. It primarily depends on the correlation of resourcesbetween the centre and its regional branch, but since parties are based onmutually beneficial exchanges of resources rather than on common politicalpreferences, weak subordination does not constitute a threat to them as longas the ‘system of personalized exchanges’ remains in place.The existing model of representation turns out to be even less effectivethan the previous one based on the ‘non-party’ mechanism, because thecircle of interests being represented is much narrower. More and more oftenelection campaigns turn into competitions of political technologies, includingthe so-called ‘black technologies’; public disillusionment is growing, which isreflected in a rise in absenteeism. This means that most of the parties inRussia lack popular legitimacy. A study of federal and regional electionsclearly demonstrates that there is a high demand in society for more universaland value-orientated parties.Appendix 7.1 Regional legislature elections resultsFirst cycleelectionsSecond cycleelectionsThird cycle electionsNo.ofseatsShareofpartydeputiesNo.ofseatsShareofpartydeputiesNo.ofseatsShareofpartydeputiesENPUnitedRussia’sshare ofvotesUnitedRussia’sshare ofseatsAdygeya 45 51.0 54 18.5 54 55.6 2.78 33.74 42.59Aginsk Buryat AO 15 13.0 15 6.7 18 88.9 1.45 67.30 77.78Altai 41 29.0 41 29.0 41 57.8 4.76 27.20 31.71Altai Krai 50 44.0 50 34.0 68 52.9 3.23 24.43 32.35Amur Oblast 30 .0 36 19.4 36 58.8 5.00 16.26 19.44Arkhangelsk Oblast 39 2.6 39 12.8 62 67.4 3.57 23.63 40.32Astrakhan Oblast 29 27.6 29 10.3 58 81.5 2.33 38.73 57.14Bashkortostan 174 .0 120 81.7 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0
178 Petr PanovFirst cycleelectionsSecond cycleelectionsThird cycle electionsNo.ofseatsShareofpartydeputiesNo.ofseatsShareofpartydeputiesNo.ofseatsShareofpartydeputiesENPUnitedRussia’sshare ofvotesUnitedRussia’sshare ofseatsBelgorod Oblast 35 40.0 35 2.9 35 47.0 1.79 52.78 54.29Bryansk Oblast 50 52.0 50 36.0 60 30.8 2.94 34.19 31.67Buryatiya 65 .0 65 3.1 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0Chelyabinsk Oblast 41 .0 45 2.2 60 83.3 1.96 51.98 65.00Chita Oblast 39 .0 39 20.5 42 52.4 2.94 35.61 38.10Chukotka AO 13 .0 13 .0 12 83.3 1.19 69.21 83.33Chuvashiya 87 18.4 73 9.6 44 77.3 1.50 51.89 70.45Daghestan 121 .8 121 2.5 72 .0 2.27 63.67 65.28Yevenk AO 23 .0 23 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0Ingushetiya 27 .0 21 .0 34 17.6 4.38 36.31 20.59Irkutsk Oblast 45 22.0 45 .0 45 55.0 2.94 30.19 42.22Ivanovo Oblast 35 20.0 35 11.4 48 87.5 2.27 32.10 60.42Jewish AO 15 20.0 15 .0 16 87.5 1.72 55.32 68.75Kabardino-Balkariya .0 .0 72 6.9 110 72.7 1.32 72.50 74.55Kaliningrad Oblast 32 34.4 32 25.0 40 63.4 2.78 34.12 45.00Kalmykiya 27 .0 27 .0 27 66.7 1.28 41.74 74.07Kaluga Oblast 40 45.0 40 12.5 40 58.8 3.70 40.03 35.00Kamchatka Oblast 39 48.7 39 43.5 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0Karachaevo-73 20.5 73 21.9 73 66.7 1.69 55.69 63.01CherkessiyaKareliya 61 24.6 57 2.5 50 64.0 2.17 38.92 54.00Kemerovo Oblast 35 97.1 35 100.0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0Khabarovsk Krai 25 32.0 25 12.0 26 92.3 1.82 40.99 69.23Khakasiya 75 5.3 75 6.7 75 69.4 4.00 23.17 32.00Khanty-Mansiisk AO 23 .0 25 .0 28 85.7 1.49 54.63 75.00Kirov Oblast 54 31.5 54 16.7 54 85.2 2.50 28.54 55.56Komi-Permyak AO 15 .0 15 6.7 .0 . . . .Komi Republic 50 .0 30 13.3 30 86.7 2.00 36.18 63.33Koryak AO 12 66.6 12 50.0 12 60.0 2.38 22.68 16.67Kostroma Oblast 21 .0 21 .0 36 58.8 3.23 22.99 38.89Krasnodar Krai 50 82.0 70 24.3 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0Krasnoyarsk Krai 42 83.3 42 85.7 52 88.5 2.50 42.52 55.77Kurgan Oblast 33 3.0 33 .0 34 58.8 3.33 25.74 38.24Kursk Oblast 45 13.0 45 4.4 45 84.2 1.75 37.36 69.05Leningrad Oblast 50 8.0 50 12.0 50 68.0 2.63 35.24 46.00Lipetsk Oblast 38 15.6 38 2.7 56 92.9 1.69 50.65 72.22Magadan Oblast 17 5.8 17 .0 25 30.0 2.86 28.76 32.00Marii El 67 10.4 67 10.4 52 76.9 2.13 32.28 57.69Mordoviya 75 22.7 75 12.0 28 87.5 1.15 76.23 87.50Moscow 35 25.0 35 14.3 35 100.0 1.50 47.25 80.00Moscow Oblast 50 14.0 50 14.0 50 .0 1.96 49.57 66.00Murmansk Oblast 25 20.0 25 4.0 32 81.3 2.13 42.19 59.38Nenets AO 15 .0 15 .0 20 75.0 3.45 24.01 35.00Nizhni Novgorod 45 4.4 45 6.7 50 96.0 2.04 43.91 66.00OblastNorth75 18.7 75 13.3 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0Osetiya-AlaniyaNovgorod Oblast 26 .0 26 7.7 26 91.7 2.13 43.75 61.54Novosibirsk Oblast 49 55.1 49 44.9 98 55.1 3.23 33.12 34.69Omsk Oblast 30 33.0 30 16.7 44 100.0 1.30 55.65 86.36Orenburg Oblast 47 21.3 47 6.4 47 91.3 1.96 40.44 63.83
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9 Soviet Music and Societyunder Len
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40 Political and Social Thought inP
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First published 2009by Routledge2 P
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xContents8 The representation of bu
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List of contributorsMichael Burgess
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PrefaceThe chapters in this volume
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AcknowledgementsCameron Ross would
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2 Vladimir Gel'manconclusions on th
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4 Vladimir Gel'man• Recentralizat
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6 Vladimir Gel'manthat they themsel
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8 Vladimir Gel'manprevent unity of
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10 Vladimir Gel'manMeans and endsTh
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12 Vladimir Gel'manthe whole they s
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14 Vladimir Gel'manamendments, know
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16 Vladimir Gel'manfrom above; the
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18 Vladimir Gel'manfall in the aver
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20 Vladimir Gel'mancentralism’ co
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22 Vladimir Gel'man27 Douglass Nort
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24 Vladimir Gel'man78 Gel'man, Ryze
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26 Michael Burgesssuccessor, the Ru
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28 Michael Burgessthese remarks are
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30 Michael BurgessThe legacy of Sov
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32 Michael Burgessintensive constit
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34 Michael Burgess‘federalism’
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36 Michael Burgessriding postilion.
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38 Michael Burgesstradition that al
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40 Michael BurgessAustrian federati
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42 Michael Burgess3 Ethnic diversit
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44 Michael Burgesswhile the Walloon
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46 Michael Burgessmany constituent
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48 Michael Burgessthe special arran
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50 Michael Burgessmodified version
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52 Michael Burgess30 Riker, p. 39.
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3 Federal discourses, minority righ
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56 Andreas Heinemann-Grüderthe Yel
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58 Andreas Heinemann-GrüderPutin
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60 Andreas Heinemann-GrüderDuma La
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62 Andreas Heinemann-Grüderscatter
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64 Andreas Heinemann-GrüderThe sit
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66 Andreas Heinemann-Grüderis not
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68 Andreas Heinemann-GrüderMany re
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70 Andreas Heinemann-Grüder‘harm
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72 Andreas Heinemann-Grüderstating
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74 Andreas Heinemann-GrüderHahn’
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76 Andreas Heinemann-Grüdercounter
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78 Andreas Heinemann-Grüderreconfi
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80 Andreas Heinemann-Grüder30 Inte
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4 Unification as a political projec
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Table 4.2 Timetable of regional mer
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86 Oksana Orachevamaking more effec
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88 Oksana Orachevathrough a referen
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90 Oksana Orachevaargue that by the
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92 Oksana OrachevaThus, long before
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94 Oksana Orachevaand the Okrug. 39
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96 Oksana Orachevafor the merger, a
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98 Oksana Orachevamerger. As Yuri S
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100 Oksana Orachevaethnic identity
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102 Oksana Orachevaassemblies in th
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104 Oksana Oracheva28 Sergey Ilyin,
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5 Putin and the election of regiona
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108 Darrell SliderBashkortostan add
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110 Darrell Slidergovernors were of
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112 Darrell SliderPutin’s new pow
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114 Darrell Sliderin turn takes ins
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116 Darrell Sliderpolitical experie
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118 Darrell Sliderappointed represe
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6 Electoral reforms and democratiza
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122 Aleksandr KynevThis phenomenon
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124 Aleksandr Kynevvoluntarily), ni
Page 143 and 144: 126 Aleksandr Kyneveverywhere the p
Page 145 and 146: 128 Aleksandr Kynevregions where el
Page 147 and 148: 130 Aleksandr Kynevthe Federation h
Page 149 and 150: Table 6.3 Election to legislative a
Page 151 and 152: 134 Aleksandr Kynevgovernors came t
Page 153 and 154: 136 Aleksandr KynevLebedev), the Ru
Page 155 and 156: 138 Aleksandr Kynevof the total of
Page 157 and 158: 140 Aleksandr Kynevcases it was for
Page 159 and 160: 142 Aleksandr Kynevsubmitted, but n
Page 161 and 162: 144 Aleksandr KynevOn the other han
Page 163 and 164: 146 Aleksandr Kynevparliament in Ty
Page 165 and 166: 148 Aleksandr Kynevgovernors and re
Page 167 and 168: 7 Russian political parties and reg
Page 169 and 170: 152 Petr Panovmajoritarianism (‘t
Page 171 and 172: 154 Petr Panov(deputies) who are en
Page 173 and 174: 156 Petr Panovresult, the incentive
Page 175 and 176: Table 7.1 The share of party deputi
Page 177 and 178: Table 7.2The share of party deputie
Page 179 and 180: 162 Petr Panov1 ‘Autocracy’ (a
Page 181 and 182: 164 Petr Panovhalf the seats in the
Page 183 and 184: 166 Petr PanovTable 7.3Effective nu
Page 185 and 186: 168 Petr Panovactor. Therefore, the
Page 187 and 188: 170 Petr PanovThe years 2003-4 beca
Page 189 and 190: 172 Petr PanovVladimir Nelyubin, pu
Page 191 and 192: 174 Petr Panovby the previous ‘el
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Page 197 and 198: 180 Petr PanovFor Volgograd Oblast
Page 199 and 200: 182 Petr Panov37 M. Laakso and R. T
Page 201 and 202: 8 The representation of business el
Page 203 and 204: 186 Rostislav TurovskiiAt the same
Page 205 and 206: 188 Rostislav Turovskiientrepreneur
Page 207 and 208: 190 Rostislav Turovskiibusiness in
Page 209 and 210: 192 Rostislav Turovskiirepresentati
Page 211 and 212: 194 Rostislav Turovskiiand was sent
Page 213 and 214: 196 Rostislav Turovskiiper cent of
Page 215 and 216: 198 Rostislav Turovskiiof sociologi
Page 217 and 218: 200 Rostislav TurovskiiAs governors
Page 219 and 220: 202 Rostislav Turovskiicompany. Thi
Page 221 and 222: 204 Rostislav TurovskiiNominating f
Page 223 and 224: 206 Rostislav Turovskii14 Budargin
Page 225 and 226: 208 Elena Denezhkina and Adrian Cam
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228 Hellmut Wollmann and Elena Grit
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11 Russia’s elusive pursuit of ba
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250 John F. Youngcentre. This is on
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252 John F. Youngcommonly, however,
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254 John F. Youngcounter-reform. Th
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256 John F. Younglegislative acts o
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258 John F. Youngplay behind these
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260 John F. Youngbeen weakened in i
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262 John F. Young24 Vladimir Gel'ma
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264 Vertical or triangle?alleged mi
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266 Vertical or triangle?The Kozak
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268 Vertical or triangle?critics of
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270 Vertical or triangle?would be n
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272 Vertical or triangle?law-based
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274 Vertical or triangle?difficult
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276 Vertical or triangle?and the go
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278 Vertical or triangle?Given that
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280 Vertical or triangle?In conclus
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282 Vertical or triangle?szelenyi60
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13 Municipal elections and electora
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286 Cameron RossPutin the new PR sy
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288 Cameron RossElections of chairs
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290 Cameron Rosshaving to submit a
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292 Cameron RossMunicipal Raion in
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294 Cameron Ross80 per cent of the
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296 Cameron RossParty competition w
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298 Cameron RossDonskoi has stated
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300 Cameron Rossdominated by member
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302 Cameron Ross10 Vladimr Putin,
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304 Cameron Ross67 Laura Belin, ‘
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306 IndexLankina, Tomila 289Law on
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