Federalism and Local Politics in Russia

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Table 6.3 (continued)Date of election Legislative body for whichdeputies were electedThreshold(%)Lists on thevoting paperLists that crossed thethreshold12 March 2006 State Council of theAdygei Republic7 8 4State Assembly of the Altai Republic 5 13 6Kaliningrad Regional Duma 7 7 5Legislative Assembly of the Kirov oblast 6 9 5Kursk Regional Duma 7 9 3 (with a 5% threshold it wouldhave been 7)Legislative Assembly of the NizhniiNovgorod oblast5 6 4Legislative Assembly of the Orenburg oblast 5 8 5Duma of the Khanty-Mansiskii AO 5 5 4Source: Compiled by the author from data published by the Central Electoral Commission.
134 Aleksandr Kynevgovernors came to power who were much more loyal to the federal centre.The greatest drop in the ‘party of power’s’ results occurred in a region wherethe ‘administrative overstatement’ was almost at its strongest, Adygeya.Here, the Rodina and Patriots of Russia lists were removed from the electionsby deleting candidates from these lists in numbers that exceeded therules, and attempts were made to remove the lists of the Agrarian Party andthe Russian United Industrial Party, which had put forward at the head ofits list the leaders of the Union of Slavs of Adygeya. In the districts in theregional centre of the Kaliningrad Oblast, where two favourites – Rodinaand the People’s Party – were removed from the elections (their regionalbranches in the Oblast are headed respectively by State Duma deputyNikitin and the well-known local journalist Rudnikov), more people voted‘against all’ than ever before, more than 20 per cent of the electorate (theaverage for the region is 16.8 per cent), and all the well-known oppositiondeputies won triumphantly in their districts: I. Rudnikov, Ginzburg andLopata.The elections to the Moscow City Duma were undoubtedly the ‘apotheosis’of management: Rodina and the RPP were removed from them, and theruling party’s list contained a whole group of prefects, heads of administrationsand deputies to the State Duma, as well as the Mayor of Moscow; thethreshold was set at 10 per cent and voting ‘against all’ was abolished;registration via signatures was effectively made impossible for oppositioncandidates and the deposit required was raised to what was an unprecedentedamount for the Russian regions. Moreover, Moscow, with its populationof 10 million, was divided into just fifteen single-member electoraldistricts for the elections to the Moscow City Duma, which thus coincidedwith the abolished districts for the elections to the State Duma. The actualsize of the electoral district was the main restriction on the opposition’sability to be represented, becoming effectively a financial qualification ofwho had the right to become a deputy, and who did not.Apart from the mass nomination of governors to the heads of UnitedRussia’s party lists, one practice that became virtually universal was thebarring, for various reasons, of one party list or another from the elections;previously this had been the exception rather than the rule. Such scandalsnow became more or less the norm, and the only region where not a singleparty list was barred from the elections in the spring of 2006 was the AltaiRepublic (it now holds the record for competition in recent regional elections– thirteen party lists registered). Moreover, taking into account thatfederal political parties had become the only ones able to put forward partylists, this provided certain opportunities for ‘undesirable’ lists to be removedfrom elections on the decision of federal, and not local, governing bodies.The exclusion of the RPP from almost all the regional elections (apart fromthe Tambov and Ivanovo Oblasts, where it remained on the voting paper) atthe end of 2005 can serve as an example, even though it certainly did nothinder the regional authorities everywhere (in particular in the Kostroma
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40 Political and Social Thought inP
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First published 2009by Routledge2 P
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xContents8 The representation of bu
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List of contributorsMichael Burgess
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PrefaceThe chapters in this volume
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AcknowledgementsCameron Ross would
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2 Vladimir Gel'manconclusions on th
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4 Vladimir Gel'man• Recentralizat
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6 Vladimir Gel'manthat they themsel
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8 Vladimir Gel'manprevent unity of
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10 Vladimir Gel'manMeans and endsTh
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12 Vladimir Gel'manthe whole they s
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14 Vladimir Gel'manamendments, know
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16 Vladimir Gel'manfrom above; the
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18 Vladimir Gel'manfall in the aver
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20 Vladimir Gel'mancentralism’ co
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22 Vladimir Gel'man27 Douglass Nort
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24 Vladimir Gel'man78 Gel'man, Ryze
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26 Michael Burgesssuccessor, the Ru
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28 Michael Burgessthese remarks are
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30 Michael BurgessThe legacy of Sov
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32 Michael Burgessintensive constit
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34 Michael Burgess‘federalism’
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36 Michael Burgessriding postilion.
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38 Michael Burgesstradition that al
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40 Michael BurgessAustrian federati
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42 Michael Burgess3 Ethnic diversit
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44 Michael Burgesswhile the Walloon
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46 Michael Burgessmany constituent
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48 Michael Burgessthe special arran
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50 Michael Burgessmodified version
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52 Michael Burgess30 Riker, p. 39.
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3 Federal discourses, minority righ
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56 Andreas Heinemann-Grüderthe Yel
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58 Andreas Heinemann-GrüderPutin
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60 Andreas Heinemann-GrüderDuma La
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62 Andreas Heinemann-Grüderscatter
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64 Andreas Heinemann-GrüderThe sit
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66 Andreas Heinemann-Grüderis not
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68 Andreas Heinemann-GrüderMany re
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70 Andreas Heinemann-Grüder‘harm
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72 Andreas Heinemann-Grüderstating
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74 Andreas Heinemann-GrüderHahn’
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76 Andreas Heinemann-Grüdercounter
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78 Andreas Heinemann-Grüderreconfi
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80 Andreas Heinemann-Grüder30 Inte
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Page 103 and 104: 86 Oksana Orachevamaking more effec
Page 105 and 106: 88 Oksana Orachevathrough a referen
Page 107 and 108: 90 Oksana Orachevaargue that by the
Page 109 and 110: 92 Oksana OrachevaThus, long before
Page 111 and 112: 94 Oksana Orachevaand the Okrug. 39
Page 113 and 114: 96 Oksana Orachevafor the merger, a
Page 115 and 116: 98 Oksana Orachevamerger. As Yuri S
Page 117 and 118: 100 Oksana Orachevaethnic identity
Page 119 and 120: 102 Oksana Orachevaassemblies in th
Page 121 and 122: 104 Oksana Oracheva28 Sergey Ilyin,
Page 123 and 124: 5 Putin and the election of regiona
Page 125 and 126: 108 Darrell SliderBashkortostan add
Page 127 and 128: 110 Darrell Slidergovernors were of
Page 129 and 130: 112 Darrell SliderPutin’s new pow
Page 131 and 132: 114 Darrell Sliderin turn takes ins
Page 133 and 134: 116 Darrell Sliderpolitical experie
Page 135 and 136: 118 Darrell Sliderappointed represe
Page 137 and 138: 6 Electoral reforms and democratiza
Page 139 and 140: 122 Aleksandr KynevThis phenomenon
Page 141 and 142: 124 Aleksandr Kynevvoluntarily), ni
Page 143 and 144: 126 Aleksandr Kyneveverywhere the p
Page 145 and 146: 128 Aleksandr Kynevregions where el
Page 147 and 148: 130 Aleksandr Kynevthe Federation h
Page 149: Table 6.3 Election to legislative a
Page 153 and 154: 136 Aleksandr KynevLebedev), the Ru
Page 155 and 156: 138 Aleksandr Kynevof the total of
Page 157 and 158: 140 Aleksandr Kynevcases it was for
Page 159 and 160: 142 Aleksandr Kynevsubmitted, but n
Page 161 and 162: 144 Aleksandr KynevOn the other han
Page 163 and 164: 146 Aleksandr Kynevparliament in Ty
Page 165 and 166: 148 Aleksandr Kynevgovernors and re
Page 167 and 168: 7 Russian political parties and reg
Page 169 and 170: 152 Petr Panovmajoritarianism (‘t
Page 171 and 172: 154 Petr Panov(deputies) who are en
Page 173 and 174: 156 Petr Panovresult, the incentive
Page 175 and 176: Table 7.1 The share of party deputi
Page 177 and 178: Table 7.2The share of party deputie
Page 179 and 180: 162 Petr Panov1 ‘Autocracy’ (a
Page 181 and 182: 164 Petr Panovhalf the seats in the
Page 183 and 184: 166 Petr PanovTable 7.3Effective nu
Page 185 and 186: 168 Petr Panovactor. Therefore, the
Page 187 and 188: 170 Petr PanovThe years 2003-4 beca
Page 189 and 190: 172 Petr PanovVladimir Nelyubin, pu
Page 191 and 192: 174 Petr Panovby the previous ‘el
Page 193 and 194: 176 Petr PanovIn addition, the hete
Page 195 and 196: 178 Petr PanovFirst cycleelectionsS
Page 197 and 198: 180 Petr PanovFor Volgograd Oblast
Page 199 and 200: 182 Petr Panov37 M. Laakso and R. T
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8 The representation of business el
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186 Rostislav TurovskiiAt the same
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188 Rostislav Turovskiientrepreneur
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190 Rostislav Turovskiibusiness in
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192 Rostislav Turovskiirepresentati
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194 Rostislav Turovskiiand was sent
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196 Rostislav Turovskiiper cent of
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198 Rostislav Turovskiiof sociologi
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200 Rostislav TurovskiiAs governors
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202 Rostislav Turovskiicompany. Thi
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204 Rostislav TurovskiiNominating f
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206 Rostislav Turovskii14 Budargin
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208 Elena Denezhkina and Adrian Cam
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228 Hellmut Wollmann and Elena Grit
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11 Russia’s elusive pursuit of ba
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250 John F. Youngcentre. This is on
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252 John F. Youngcommonly, however,
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254 John F. Youngcounter-reform. Th
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256 John F. Younglegislative acts o
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258 John F. Youngplay behind these
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260 John F. Youngbeen weakened in i
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262 John F. Young24 Vladimir Gel'ma
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264 Vertical or triangle?alleged mi
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266 Vertical or triangle?The Kozak
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268 Vertical or triangle?critics of
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270 Vertical or triangle?would be n
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272 Vertical or triangle?law-based
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274 Vertical or triangle?difficult
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276 Vertical or triangle?and the go
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278 Vertical or triangle?Given that
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280 Vertical or triangle?In conclus
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282 Vertical or triangle?szelenyi60
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13 Municipal elections and electora
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286 Cameron RossPutin the new PR sy
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288 Cameron RossElections of chairs
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290 Cameron Rosshaving to submit a
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292 Cameron RossMunicipal Raion in
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294 Cameron Ross80 per cent of the
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296 Cameron RossParty competition w
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298 Cameron RossDonskoi has stated
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300 Cameron Rossdominated by member
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302 Cameron Ross10 Vladimr Putin,
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304 Cameron Ross67 Laura Belin, ‘
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306 IndexLankina, Tomila 289Law on
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