Federalism and Local Politics in Russia

246 Hellmut Wollmann and Elena Gritsenko33 See Article 34, 2003 Law.34 Data from, Ministerstvo regional'novo razvitiya 2006; for slightly earlier figuressee also Vladimir Gel'man, ‘Ot mestnovo samoupravleniia – k ‘vertikali vlasti’,Pro et Contra, No. 1 (35), January–February 2007.35 See Wollmann 2000, p. 118.36 See Wollmann and Butusowa 2003, p. 216.37 See Wollmann 2000, p. 116. The ‘general competence clause’ has also been stipulatedin Article 3 of the European Charter.38 See Wollmann 2000, p. 108.39 See Gritsenko 2003.40 ‘Organi mestnovo samoupravleniya mogut nadelyat'sya ispolneniyami gosudarstvennymipolnomochiyami’.41 For an overview on the regional legislation regarding the delegation of Statefunctions to local authorities see, Anna Madyarova, ‘Ob obshchikh nachalakhopredeleniya perechnya gosudarstvennykh polnomochii, peredamykh organammestnovo saoumpravleniya’, inKonstitutsionnoe i Munitsipal'noe Pravo, No.2,2007, pp. 27–32.42 See Wollmann 2000, p. 117 f.43 See Leemans, Wollmann 2000, p. 125 f.44 ‘Realizatsiya peredannykh polnomochii podkontrol'na gosudarstvu’.45 As to the ‘integrationist’ and ‘statesising’ implications of ‘delegated’ tasks in theGerman setting, see Hellmut Wollmann and Geert Bouckaert, ‘State organisationin France and Germany between territoriality and functionality’, in VincentHoffmann-Martinot and Hellmut Wollmann (eds), State and Local GovernmentReforms in France and Germany, Wiesbaden: V. S. Verlag, 2006, p. 22 f.46 For an overview see Hellmut Wollmann, ‘Changes, ruptures and continuities inEuropean local government systems between government and governance’, inFred Lazin, Matt Evan, Vincent Hoffmann-Martinot and Hellmut Wollmann(eds), Local Government and Governance in a Globalised World, Lanham, MD:Lexington Press, 2007. For Germany see Hellmut Wollmann, ‘The directly electedexecutive mayor in German local government’, in Rikke Berg and Nirmala Rao(eds), Transforming Local Political Leadership, Houndmills: Palgrave, 2005,pp. 29 ff.47 See Wollmann, ‘The directly elected executive mayor’, 2005, pp. 35 ff.48 See Vladimir Kryazhkov, ‘Mestnoe samoupravlenie: pravovoe regulirovanie istruktury’, Gosudarstvo i Pravo, No. 1, 1992, p. 20.49 Mention should be made, at this point, of the controversial debate as to whetherthe concepts of ‘division of power’ and ‘check and balances’ can be applied to theLSG level. From a (strictly) legal point of view it has been argued that theseconcepts should be only employed with regard to the state (as the ‘sovereign’holder of legislative, executive and judiciary powers) and not with regard to thesphere of LSG whose functions, according to this legal reasoning, are essentiallyadministrative and standing separate from ‘the State’. From a more political science-guidedperspective these concepts can be interpreted and applied in abroader functional meaning and understanding which could comprise the State aswell as the LSG spheres. See, for instance, Vladimir Fadeev, Munitsipal'noe PravoRossii, Moscow: Yurist, 1994, who speaks, inter alia, ofa‘system of checks andbalances’(‘systema sderzhek i protivovesov’). Interestingly, a similar controversycan be observed in Germany between the (traditional) legal doctrine reservingand restricting these (and related) concepts to ‘the state’ proper, on the one hand,and a political science view which prefers to take a broader functional stance, thusencompassing the LSG level, on the other. See Hellmut Wollmann,‘Kommunalvertretungen: Verwaltungsorgane oder Parlamente?’, in Hellmut