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Table 2. Development and performance of action control thresholds (ACTs) for irrigated rice insect pests tested in farmers' fields in four sites. Philippines, 1982-86. Pests ACT n Chemical Control M (kz a.i./ha) (%) t"' Whorl maggot + 10% damaged leaves 10 Monocrotophos EC (0.4) 1-2x 26 green semi-looper 18 Dil zinon G (0.75) lx 28 & hairy caterpillar 10% damaged leaves (use of 7 SI Carbofuran G (0.5) lx 41 carlier planted fields as 15 Monocrotophos EC (0.4) 2x 43 > indicator) 14 Deltamethrin Whorl (0.01-0.02) maggot 1-2x C.5-1 24 eggA ill (use of earlier 18 Carbosulfan EC or isofenphos 40 planted fields, trap crop as SD (0.3) lx seedling root soak indicator 6 Monocrotophos EC (0.4) 1-2x 34 Defoliators 10-15% damaged leaves 13 Monocrotophos EC (0.4) 1-2x 16 (green semi-looper & with live larvae hairy caterpillar) 0.5-1 larva/hill 2 Monocrotophos EC (0.4) La.mffolders 1-2x 16 10% damaged leaves 2 Monocrotophos EC (0.4) lx 5-10% 56 damaged leaves 15 Monocrotophos EC (0.4) 1x 11 (use of indicator fields 2 moths/20 meter row) 18 Monocrotophos EC (0.4) 1-2x 44 5 Azinphos-ethyl EC (0.4) 1-2x 0.5-1 live 18 larvae/hili 9 Monocrotohpos Stemborers EC (0.4) lx 3-8% 42 deadhearts 11 Chlorpyrilos 20 + BPMC I IEC (0.4) 1-2x 14 0.5-1 eggmasses/m 2 0 10 Chlorpyrifos 20 Planthoppers + BPMC IIEC (0.4) 1-2x 15 hoppers/hill 32 7 BPMC 1 EC (0.4) x 34 0.5 hopper/ti'!cr (nymphs) 8 BPMC EC (0.4) lx 46
DEVEOPMENr OF ACTION CONTROL TIRESIttOLDS FOR MAJOR RICE PESTS 99 Use of indicator fields planted a week earlier is a strategy utilizing earlier chemical treatment. Diazinon granules were recommended as they performed satisfactorily at experimental stations. Again the treatment failed to give adequate control (28%). Diazinon granules broadcast into paddy work well with assured water supply. This situation (foes not exist in most fields as they tend to drain intermittently. Carbofuran, a systemic granule, was tried and the degree of control improved, but was too expensive for small-scale farmers. Monocrotophos spray:- (5 and 15 DT) work well only when there is ne rain. A new strategy was developed in wviich whorl maggot eggs were used as the character. An early planted field nearby or a trap crop planted a week earlier, was monitored for eggs. The field itself' is monitored twice a week and the ACT ranges from 0.5 to 1.0 egg/hill depending on the site. If this value is reached, the roots of seedlings are soaked overnight in insecticide solution. This technology provides reasonable control (40%) (Table 2) and is effective even (luring rainy periods. The degree of control will improve with better insecticide technology. Defoliators For simplicity, we included defoliating caterpillars with whorl maggot damage. However, as defoliators could be controlled by less expensive insecticides and they do not always occur with whorl maggot, we separated them. Damaged leaves plus the presence of live larva were first used as a character. The resulting control using this character was very low (16%). The "damaged leaf"' character proved too ite, and often when we sprayed, the population had plupatcd. We therefore changed to using "larvae per hill", but again the control was not satisfactory (16%). The action of parasites lowered the larval populations resulting in a lower number of damaged leaves compared to the threshold. We will now incorporate the presence of parasite- and pathogenaffected laivae into the ACT. LcPdfolder Using percentage damaged leaves as a character was acceptable (56%, Table 2) except that sometimes, when the larval population had already pupated, then spraying gave no benefit. The "damaged leaf' symptom does not become undamaged after spraying. Farmers readily noticed moths when walking in the field and used them as the basis of their treatment. We tried to set a threshold using the moth as a character and this provided reasonable control (44%). Eowever, the action of effective egg predators - sword-tailed crickets and laclybeetles - occasionally meant that little damage occurred even with high moth numbers. We currently record the number of larva per hill by opening damaged leaves, setting Lthreshold of 0..'-1 larva/hill. The control (42%) using one spray can be improved with expcrience. We will look further into the possibility of reducing the dosage from 0.4 to 0.2 kg ai/ha.
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Pesticide Managemen and Integrated
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Correct citation: P. S.Teng and K.,
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IPM DEVELOPMENT Crop protection and
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A comparative study on the occupati
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PREFACE The Southeast Asi-n region
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FUTURE NEEDS FOR PESTICIDE MANAGEME
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FUIURE NEEDS FOR PESTICIDE MANAGEME
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FUTURE NEEDS FOR P'STICIDE ,MANAGEM
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FUTURE NEEDS FOR PESTICIDE MANAGEME
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1UI'RE NEEDS FOR PIESTICIDF MA NAGI
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1:1-FURT: NEED'I)S FOR PF.SII1)" MA
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14 PI-S'IlCIDE MANAGIEMENT AND 1PM
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16 Il-'IICIDE MANA(C;I-N'I AND IPM
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18 PF1STnCIDF MANAGEMENT AND IPM 1:
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OVERVIEW OF IPM INFRASTRUCTURE AND
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Table 2. List of some of the major
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IPM ON ESTATE CROPS ININDONTSIA 25
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2. IMPLEMENTATION PHASE IPM ON FOOD
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[IM ON ESTATE CROPS IN MALAYSIA 33
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IMPLEI MENTATION Cost Objectives IP
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HPM ON ESTATE CROPS IN MALAYSIA 37
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IPM ON ESTATE CROPS IN MALAYSIA 39
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HPM ON ESTATE CROPS IN MALAYSIA 4 1
Page 51 and 52: 4.4 PESTICIDE MANAGEMENT AND IPM IN
Page 53 and 54: 46 PESTCIDE MANAGEMENT AND IPM INSO
Page 55 and 56: Table 1continued Variety Maturity N
Page 57 and 58: 50 PESTICIDE MANAGEMENT AND IPM IN
Page 59 and 60: 52 PESCIDE MANAGEMENT AND 1PM IN SO
Page 61 and 62: 54 PESTICIDE MANAGEMENTI AND IPM IN
Page 63 and 64: 56 PES'IiCIDE MANAGIEMI/N'I AND 1PM
Page 65 and 66: 5X iILPI1CiDI: NANA;I-\II AND 1PM I
Page 67 and 68: 6G PESI1CIDE MANAGEMENT AND 1PM INS
Page 69 and 70: 02 PI:SICIDIANAGIME-T AND I, INSOUI
Page 71 and 72: 64 PESTiCIDE MANAGEMENT AND IPM INS
Page 73 and 74: THE ROLE OF INSECTICIDES IN RICE IP
Page 75 and 76: ROLE OF INSE-TICIDES INRICE IPM SYS
Page 77 and 78: ROLE OF INSETICIDES INRICE I1'M SYS
Page 79 and 80: FEASIBILITY OF USING LOCALLY PRODUC
Page 81 and 82: USE OFB 1"J CONTROL IROPICAL INSECr
Page 83 and 84: USE OF BI TO CONTROL'TROPICAL INSEC
Page 85 and 86: USE OF Bt TO CONrOIROLTOPICAL INS E
Page 87 and 88: USE OF B TO CONTROL'IROPICAL INSECT
Page 89 and 90: 84 PFS'I1CID MANAGEMFN'I AND IPM IN
Page 95 and 96: 90 PI:S'ICIDE MANAGI'ENTIIN AND HPM
Page 97 and 98: 92 PI-iCIDE ,MANAGEMENTr AND IPM IN
Page 99 and 100: DEVELOPMENT OF ACTION CONTROL THRES
Page 101: DEVELOPMflr r OF ACTION CONTROL TIR
Page 105 and 106: DEVE.OPMENT OF ACTION CONTROLmTIIRE
Page 107 and 108: ECONOMICS OF INTEGRATED PEST CONTRO
Page 109 and 110: Increase innet return (S/ho) 30 25
Page 111 and 112: Table 3. Possible negative impact o
Page 113 and 114: ECONOMICS OFIPC IN RICE IN SOUTIIlE
Page 115 and 116: ECONOMICS OF IPC IN RICE INSOUTIEAS
Page 117 and 118: 114 PSTICIDE MANAGENTIr AND IPM IN
Page 119 and 120: 116 PES11CIDE MANAGEMENT AND IPM IN
Page 121 and 122: 118 PFSTICIDE MANAGEMENT AND IPM IN
Page 125 and 126: 122 PESCIDE MANAGEMENT AND IPM INSO
Page 127 and 128: 124 PESTICIDE MANAGIEN-" AND nPM IN
Page 129 and 130: 126 PEI1CIDE MANAGIMENT AND IPM IN
Page 133 and 134: BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF CORN STALK BO
Page 135 and 136: BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OFCORN STALK BOR
Page 137 and 138: CROP PROTECTION AND 1PM IN RAINFED
Page 139 and 140: IPM IN RAINFED CROPPING SYSTEMS INN
Page 141 and 142: IPM IN RAINI:ED CROI iNC; SYSTE'IMS
Page 143 and 144: IPM IN RAINFED CROPPING SYSIEMS IN
Page 145 and 146: 1PM IN RAINFIED CROPIPING SYS'I.IS
Page 147 and 148: I 4b IIk%1CII)E - MANAGIIj.NTI ANt)
Page 149 and 150: 148 PE3SIICtDEMANAGEMENI' AND IPM I
Page 151 and 152: 150 PFSTICII)E MANAG'MENTI" AND IIM
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152 PESllCIDE MANAGEMENT AND IPM IN
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154 PESTICIDE MANAGEMFNT AND IPM IN
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AN APPROACH TO INTEGRATED PEST MANA
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IPM AI'I V'IIlE.S OF TI tE PlIIAI'P
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no.&% 60 50 40 1PM ACTIVrI1S OF "I'
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IM ACI'IV1IS OF1TI III 111.1 11NI t
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1PM ACT'IVrIIES O: TIlE II/P1 IILII
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IPM ACI'IVrll-S OF TI I 11 II.PlNE-
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ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION OF IPM: THE
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ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION OF 1PM 171 W
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ECONOMIC JIS'IFICATION OF PIIM173 W
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IPM ACTIVITIES IN SUGARCANE IN THAI
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HPM ACHIVITIES INSUGARCANI INTIIAIL
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Table 2. Comparison of investment c
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IPM ACTIVITIES IN COCONUT IN SOUTHE
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)M A(:I'IV'IIB.S INC(X:()N1S 183 co
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IPM ACI'VITIES IN COCONUTS 185 year
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PEST MANAGEMENT ON OIL PALM IN MALA
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IPEST MANAGEF.N'rON OI IPALM IhNMAL
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PI TFMANAGIEMI-\I'ON O11. IAIM INMA
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PEST MANAGEMENT ON COCOA IN MALAYSI
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PI'ST MANAGLMI .N'I' ON C(XXOA INMA
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IIST M,',ANAGEMpI'r ON COCO,', INMA
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P.ST MANAG!,MlNI" ON CCXTO)A IN MAA
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PEST MANAGEMENT ON COCOA IN MALAYSI
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PES' MANAGEMIN ON COCOA INMALAYSIA
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206 I'ES'ICIDI MANA(IMFIT AND IPMIN
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208 PESTICIDE MANAGI-2.MENT AND HPM
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210 PFS'I1CIDE MANAG[12EN' AND IPM
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212 PESTICIDE MANAGEMENT AND IPM IN
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21 - 1CIDI- MANAGI.MI-NT AND IPM IN
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Table 2. Effect of different insect
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Table 3. Comparative economics of d
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220 IP'FCID:IMANAGMENT AND HPM IN S
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222 PFuS'IICIDE MANAGFMI'NT' AND IP
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224 PESTICIDE MANAGIEMEN'I' AND 1PM
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2 26 I'S'lCII)EIIMANAGFMI'NT"AND IP
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228 PESTICIDE MANAGENENT AND IPM IN
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230 P.STICIDE MANAGEMIN I'AND IM IN
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232 IESTICIDE MANAGEMENT AND fPM IN
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234 PESTICIDIF MIANAGI:.EN' AND 1PM
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236 I. S'EI1CI1)- MANAGtMI/NT' AND
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I 0 af VV4' ~ . f). IC AI ~ 1U 8 '8
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240 PES'I1CIDE MANAGFMEN'"I' AND IP
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242 tl-S'(ll.E MANAGIMI-NI AND IPM
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244 PESTICIDE MANAGEMI-Nt' AND IPM
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APPENDIX I continued__ Pest 1.6 Zig
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APPENDIX I continued Pest 3. Rats (
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APPENDIX I continued Pest Sampling
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252 PE."ST'IICIDI- MANAGEMI-ENT AND
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254 PESICIDE MANAGFMAENT AND [PM IN
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OVERVIEW OF PESTICIDE RESISTANCE PR
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PISICIDE R3SISTANCE PROILEMS INSOU1
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PII'S'IICIDI" RESISTAN(J- IROBI.I[M
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lI.S'I1CIDEi RFSISIANCI- IIROIII.I'
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Insect Rice insect pcst Nilaparvata
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APPENDIX I continued Insect Insect
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271 Pt-5ICIDI- MANA(;I\I-' AN) 1PM
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272 7 cb2ol:\1ANA { \I:\ AND PM IN
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274 PESICDE MANAG-MENT AND 11M IN S
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276 Pt:S'ICIDF MANAGI-I' AND IIM IN
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PESTICIDE RESISTANCE PROBLEMS N. Si
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Percent Control Figure 1. Trend of
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1'ESTICIDE RISISTANCE PROBLEMS IN T
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PESTICIDE RESISTANCE IN THE PHILIPP
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PSTICIDE RESISTANCE IN TIME PHILIPP
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PESTICIDE RESISTANCE INTIlE PHILIPP
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292 PE'STICIDE MANAGMitwr AND IPM I
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294 PESTICIDE MANAGEmr[ ENT AND IM
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PESTICIDE RESISTANCE: THE REALITIES
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PFESlICIDE RIEISTANCE: TILE REALIES
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HEALTH HAZARDS DUE TO THE USE OF PE
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IEALTH LAZARDS OF PESIfCIDE USE INI
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IEALTII IhAZARDS OF PESTICIDE USE I
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IIEALIII HAZARDS OFPESrICIDE USE IN
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HEALTH HIAZARDS OF PESICIDE USE IN
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Page 307 and 308:
314 PFSTICIDE MANAGEMENr AND IPM IN
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318 PESTICIDJE MANAGIB-ENT AND IPM
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PESTICIDE POISONING STUDIES AND DAT
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IEST1CIDE POISONING INTI1AILAND 323
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PESTICIDE POISONING: IMPROVING AND
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PESTICIDE POISONING IN SOUTiIEASTAS
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PE.STICIDE POISONING IN SOUhIIIEAST
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332 PfS'I1CID. MANAG6EMI'NTF AND I1
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334 PESICIDF .MANAGFR\WF.NT AND IPM
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336 P'ST:I1DIE MANAGF.MI N'IAND IPM
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338 PrsI1CID MANAGEI\WEN-r AND IPM
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340 III MANAGIPMNM' ANI 1PM IN SOUI
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PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN THAILAND N. T
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PF;TICl)I:B RI'NIID I S iN I'IIJAIL
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PI-STICIDF RESIDUES IN TIIAILAND 3-
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35(0 PIS'ICIIE MANA(;IINI AND IPM I
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352 PESTICIDE MANAGEIEN'Ir AND HPM
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354 PESTICIDE MANAGEMEN' AND IPM IN
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356( I'FUsTICII).. MANAGt~I-MENT AN
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358 PIESTICIDF MANAG:M'NT AND IM IN
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360 PFTP0CIDE MANAGMMENF AND HPM IN
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362 PFS'l1CJDF MANAGEMINT AND 1PM I
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364 PFS11CIDIMANAGI.MI:N'F AND IPM
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366 PFPSTICtDF IANAGLME1.N-r AND IP
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PESTICIDE RESIDUE TRIALS IN RICE IN
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t'ESI('IDiE RIsIRtIIS IN INt)NI SIA
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PESTICIDE RESIDUE CONTROL AND MONIT
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PMtI1CIDE RESIDUE CONTROL AND MoNrr
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Table 2 continued Crop and pesticid
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PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN FOOD AND THE
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PES'I1CIDE RFSIDUES INfI-OD AND TIE
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PESTICIDF RESIDUES INFOOD ANDTIIE E
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PIS'IICIDI:RI-SIDLt.S INIOODANDTIIE
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PES1ICIDF RESIDUES INFOOD AND1IILEE
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PESICIDE RFSIDUFS INFOOD AND TIIEEN
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WHAT DO PESTICIDE RESIDUE LEVELS IN
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PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN 11EIENVIRONME
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PESTICIDE RESIDUES INTIIlE EN VIRON
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I S11CID[E RSI I)UES INTIl E NVIRON
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MANUAL ON THE USE OF PESTICIDES UND
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USE OF PESTICIDES UNDEI.HI)ANK-FINA
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USE OF PESTICIDES UNDER BANK-FINANC
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APPENDIX I continued USE OF PES'ICI
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A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE OCCUPATI
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Table 1. Operator exposure (ml spra
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OCCUPATIONAL FIDPOSURE OF SPRAY WOR
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OCCUPATIONAT. TEIPOSI IRE OF SIRAY
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Dl-t-r 4 26t filtercaftirdme cast O
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418 PESI1CIDE MANAGIEMENr AND IPM I
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420 PESTCIDE MANAGFMENI"r AND IPM I
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DESTRUCTION OF PESTICIDES AND CHEMI
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DE9IRUCtION OF PESTICIDE AND CIIEMI
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DISI'RtCI'ION 01 I[.SIICII)I" AND C
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DIgi'RLCI'ION O II'I1fCIDI)I ANI) C
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DESIRUCTION O1 PESTICIDE AND C1 IEM
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LOOKING FOR THAILAND'S "LOVE CANAL"
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LOOKING FOR'I11AILAND'S LOVE CANAL"
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PESTICIDE PROBLEMS AND INDONESIAN N
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PFSTICIDE PROBLEMS AND NGO ACI'IVIT
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4412 I)I'I(CII)F MANA( I-I' AN) 1PM
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444 Pt':S-c'iI[E M\IANAGMI'.11 .V A
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446 IPESTICIDtE MANAGEIENT AND I'M
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Table 1. Training program on the sa
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PESTICIDE SAFE USE TRAINING PROGRAM
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PESTICII)E SAFE USE TRAINING PROGRA
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I-STICIDt SA-E USTRAIN1NG PROGRAMS
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TRAINING THE TRAINER BY INDUSTRY E.
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TRAIN-THE-TRAINER PROGRAMS IN THAIL
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TRAIN-TIlE-TRAINER PROGRAMS IN TIIA
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PESTICIDE SAFETY TRAINING PROGRAMS
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DURATION 45-60 min. 60-90 min. 120
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PIESTICIDIE SAI.IY '[RAINING PROGRA
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470 IPESTICIDL: MANAGFMI:NI' AND HP
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472 PFIS1CIDF NANA(;ILMI.N'F AND HP
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