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I'M AND TII AGROCIIEMICAL INDUS'IRY 219 Forthcoming studies in Indonesia Will locus on improving ETs and testing the farincr acccptability of ETs. Clearly, indices such as '%damaged lcavCs' Will have to be sinplificd but it remains to be seen if the resulting field monitoring system can be easily zdoptcd and if farmcrs are spraying in response to correctly measured pest populations which exceed the thresholds. Yicld and profits of a group of 'IPM farnters' will be comparcd with a parallel group using traditiontl practices. Economics of 1PM From -,survey of 13 farmers in the area of Jatisari, West Java, it was found that spending on insect control averaged only the equivalent of approximately 4% of their total crop cash receipts (6.4% of total cash costs). The low price of rice insecticidces in Indonesia (heavily subsidized through the 'BIMAS' scheme) dictates that an IPM program is likely to be most successful if pesticide use optimization is aimed at maximizing profit through 3ild increase rather than cost reduction. Insecticide subsidies shift the economically optimum strategy in favor of irophylaxis or low ETs. This and other issues of pesticide use in IPM programs have been noted elsewhere (Goodell et al. 1980, Lim & Heong 1984, Norton 1985, Waibel 1986a,b). Wiih the farmer.s surveyed, a 50% reduction in insecticide use would, in most cases, lead to approximately 2-3% increase in profit ie same increase in profit could he obtained with a mere 1% increase in rice yields. CONCLUDING REMARKS W\ith the growing interest in IPM in all South and Southeast Asian countries, and itcreasing concern over user and environmental safety, industry can no longer market rice insecticides on the basis of activity alone. Support for fhe principles of IPM from industry is vital for its successful adoption by the farncr. Farmers will only adopt IPM for economic reasons, or (as in the case of cotton and decidtuous fruit) wvhcre conventional control systems fail. IPM researchers miust be sure that the systems they propose are significantly more profitable than existing lartners' practices, which are themselves usually 'IPM' or low-cost propihylaxis. This may be diflicult to achieve in situations where lesticidIcs are heavily ;ubsidized. Ciba-Geigy has recently embarked on a research program with the aim of developing simirpe and profitable fariter-oriented IPM systems, incorporating our insecticides for ricc. AC K NOW I El) GE MI E NTS The hard Work by the Insect Control group of the Ciba-Geigy Research and Development Station, Cikampek, is gratefully acknowledged.
220 IP'FCID:IMANAGMENT AND HPM IN SOU1 [IEAST ASIA LITE RATURE CITED Goodell, G.E., Litsinger, J.A., Kenmore, P.E. 1980. Evaluating integrated pest management technology through interdisciplinary research at the farmer level. In Future Trends of Infegraled Pest Management, pp. 72-75. IOBC Special Issue, London. Kenmore, P.E., Hcong, K.L., Putcr, C.A.J. 1985. Political, social and perceptual aspects of integrated pest management. In Integrated Pest Management in Malaysia (Eds. B.S. Lee et al.), pp. 47-66. Malaysian Plant Protection Society, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Lirm, G.S. and leong, K.L. 1984. The role of insecticides in rice integrated pest management. InJudicious and Efficient Use of Insecticides on Rice, pp. 19-39. Proc. FAO/IRRI Work:;hop, 1983. IRRI, Los Baflos, Philippines. Matteson, P.C., Aheirri, M.A., Gagnd, W.C. 1984. Modification of small farmer practices for better pest management. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 29:383-402. Norton, G.A. 1985. Economic considerations in IPM programs. In Ref. 2 above, pp. 37-46. Waibel, 1-1.1986a. The economics of integrated pest control in irrigated rice. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. 196 pp. \Vaibc, H. 1986b. Some new aspects on economic thresholds in rice. Paper presented at Second Int. Conf. on Pl. Prot. in the Tropics, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 1986.
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Pesticide Managemen and Integrated
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Correct citation: P. S.Teng and K.,
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IPM DEVELOPMENT Crop protection and
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A comparative study on the occupati
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PREFACE The Southeast Asi-n region
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FUTURE NEEDS FOR PESTICIDE MANAGEME
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FUIURE NEEDS FOR PESTICIDE MANAGEME
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FUTURE NEEDS FOR P'STICIDE ,MANAGEM
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FUTURE NEEDS FOR PESTICIDE MANAGEME
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1UI'RE NEEDS FOR PIESTICIDF MA NAGI
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1:1-FURT: NEED'I)S FOR PF.SII1)" MA
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14 PI-S'IlCIDE MANAGIEMENT AND 1PM
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16 Il-'IICIDE MANA(C;I-N'I AND IPM
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18 PF1STnCIDF MANAGEMENT AND IPM 1:
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OVERVIEW OF IPM INFRASTRUCTURE AND
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Table 2. List of some of the major
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IPM ON ESTATE CROPS ININDONTSIA 25
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2. IMPLEMENTATION PHASE IPM ON FOOD
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[IM ON ESTATE CROPS IN MALAYSIA 33
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IMPLEI MENTATION Cost Objectives IP
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HPM ON ESTATE CROPS IN MALAYSIA 37
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IPM ON ESTATE CROPS IN MALAYSIA 39
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HPM ON ESTATE CROPS IN MALAYSIA 4 1
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4.4 PESTICIDE MANAGEMENT AND IPM IN
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46 PESTCIDE MANAGEMENT AND IPM INSO
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Table 1continued Variety Maturity N
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50 PESTICIDE MANAGEMENT AND IPM IN
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52 PESCIDE MANAGEMENT AND 1PM IN SO
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54 PESTICIDE MANAGEMENTI AND IPM IN
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56 PES'IiCIDE MANAGIEMI/N'I AND 1PM
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5X iILPI1CiDI: NANA;I-\II AND 1PM I
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6G PESI1CIDE MANAGEMENT AND 1PM INS
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02 PI:SICIDIANAGIME-T AND I, INSOUI
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64 PESTiCIDE MANAGEMENT AND IPM INS
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THE ROLE OF INSECTICIDES IN RICE IP
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ROLE OF INSE-TICIDES INRICE IPM SYS
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ROLE OF INSETICIDES INRICE I1'M SYS
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FEASIBILITY OF USING LOCALLY PRODUC
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USE OFB 1"J CONTROL IROPICAL INSECr
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USE OF BI TO CONTROL'TROPICAL INSEC
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USE OF Bt TO CONrOIROLTOPICAL INS E
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USE OF B TO CONTROL'IROPICAL INSECT
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84 PFS'I1CID MANAGEMFN'I AND IPM IN
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90 PI:S'ICIDE MANAGI'ENTIIN AND HPM
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92 PI-iCIDE ,MANAGEMENTr AND IPM IN
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DEVELOPMENT OF ACTION CONTROL THRES
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DEVELOPMflr r OF ACTION CONTROL TIR
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DEVEOPMENr OF ACTION CONTROL TIRESI
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DEVE.OPMENT OF ACTION CONTROLmTIIRE
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ECONOMICS OF INTEGRATED PEST CONTRO
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Increase innet return (S/ho) 30 25
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Table 3. Possible negative impact o
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ECONOMICS OFIPC IN RICE IN SOUTIIlE
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ECONOMICS OF IPC IN RICE INSOUTIEAS
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114 PSTICIDE MANAGENTIr AND IPM IN
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116 PES11CIDE MANAGEMENT AND IPM IN
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118 PFSTICIDE MANAGEMENT AND IPM IN
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122 PESCIDE MANAGEMENT AND IPM INSO
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124 PESTICIDE MANAGIEN-" AND nPM IN
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126 PEI1CIDE MANAGIMENT AND IPM IN
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BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF CORN STALK BO
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BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OFCORN STALK BOR
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CROP PROTECTION AND 1PM IN RAINFED
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IPM IN RAINFED CROPPING SYSTEMS INN
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IPM IN RAINI:ED CROI iNC; SYSTE'IMS
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IPM IN RAINFED CROPPING SYSIEMS IN
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1PM IN RAINFIED CROPIPING SYS'I.IS
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I 4b IIk%1CII)E - MANAGIIj.NTI ANt)
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148 PE3SIICtDEMANAGEMENI' AND IPM I
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150 PFSTICII)E MANAG'MENTI" AND IIM
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152 PESllCIDE MANAGEMENT AND IPM IN
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154 PESTICIDE MANAGEMFNT AND IPM IN
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AN APPROACH TO INTEGRATED PEST MANA
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IPM AI'I V'IIlE.S OF TI tE PlIIAI'P
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no.&% 60 50 40 1PM ACTIVrI1S OF "I'
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IM ACI'IV1IS OF1TI III 111.1 11NI t
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1PM ACT'IVrIIES O: TIlE II/P1 IILII
Page 167 and 168: IPM ACI'IVrll-S OF TI I 11 II.PlNE-
Page 169 and 170: ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION OF IPM: THE
Page 171 and 172: ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION OF 1PM 171 W
Page 173 and 174: ECONOMIC JIS'IFICATION OF PIIM173 W
Page 175 and 176: IPM ACTIVITIES IN SUGARCANE IN THAI
Page 177 and 178: HPM ACHIVITIES INSUGARCANI INTIIAIL
Page 179 and 180: Table 2. Comparison of investment c
Page 181 and 182: IPM ACTIVITIES IN COCONUT IN SOUTHE
Page 183 and 184: )M A(:I'IV'IIB.S INC(X:()N1S 183 co
Page 185 and 186: IPM ACI'VITIES IN COCONUTS 185 year
Page 187 and 188: PEST MANAGEMENT ON OIL PALM IN MALA
Page 189 and 190: IPEST MANAGEF.N'rON OI IPALM IhNMAL
Page 191 and 192: PI TFMANAGIEMI-\I'ON O11. IAIM INMA
Page 193 and 194: PEST MANAGEMENT ON COCOA IN MALAYSI
Page 195 and 196: PI'ST MANAGLMI .N'I' ON C(XXOA INMA
Page 197 and 198: IIST M,',ANAGEMpI'r ON COCO,', INMA
Page 199 and 200: P.ST MANAG!,MlNI" ON CCXTO)A IN MAA
Page 201 and 202: PEST MANAGEMENT ON COCOA IN MALAYSI
Page 203 and 204: PES' MANAGEMIN ON COCOA INMALAYSIA
Page 205 and 206: 206 I'ES'ICIDI MANA(IMFIT AND IPMIN
Page 207 and 208: 208 PESTICIDE MANAGI-2.MENT AND HPM
Page 209 and 210: 210 PFS'I1CIDE MANAG[12EN' AND IPM
Page 211 and 212: 212 PESTICIDE MANAGEMENT AND IPM IN
Page 213 and 214: 21 - 1CIDI- MANAGI.MI-NT AND IPM IN
Page 215 and 216: Table 2. Effect of different insect
Page 217: Table 3. Comparative economics of d
Page 221 and 222: 222 PFuS'IICIDE MANAGFMI'NT' AND IP
Page 223 and 224: 224 PESTICIDE MANAGIEMEN'I' AND 1PM
Page 225 and 226: 2 26 I'S'lCII)EIIMANAGFMI'NT"AND IP
Page 227 and 228: 228 PESTICIDE MANAGENENT AND IPM IN
Page 229 and 230: 230 P.STICIDE MANAGEMIN I'AND IM IN
Page 231 and 232: 232 IESTICIDE MANAGEMENT AND fPM IN
Page 233 and 234: 234 PESTICIDIF MIANAGI:.EN' AND 1PM
Page 235 and 236: 236 I. S'EI1CI1)- MANAGtMI/NT' AND
Page 237 and 238: I 0 af VV4' ~ . f). IC AI ~ 1U 8 '8
Page 239 and 240: 240 PES'I1CIDE MANAGFMEN'"I' AND IP
Page 241 and 242: 242 tl-S'(ll.E MANAGIMI-NI AND IPM
Page 243 and 244: 244 PESTICIDE MANAGEMI-Nt' AND IPM
Page 245 and 246: APPENDIX I continued__ Pest 1.6 Zig
Page 247 and 248: APPENDIX I continued Pest 3. Rats (
Page 249 and 250: APPENDIX I continued Pest Sampling
Page 251 and 252: 252 PE."ST'IICIDI- MANAGEMI-ENT AND
Page 253 and 254: 254 PESICIDE MANAGFMAENT AND [PM IN
Page 255 and 256: OVERVIEW OF PESTICIDE RESISTANCE PR
Page 257 and 258: PISICIDE R3SISTANCE PROILEMS INSOU1
Page 259 and 260: PII'S'IICIDI" RESISTAN(J- IROBI.I[M
Page 261 and 262: lI.S'I1CIDEi RFSISIANCI- IIROIII.I'
Page 263 and 264: Insect Rice insect pcst Nilaparvata
Page 265 and 266: APPENDIX I continued Insect Insect
Page 267 and 268: 271 Pt-5ICIDI- MANA(;I\I-' AN) 1PM
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272 7 cb2ol:\1ANA { \I:\ AND PM IN
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274 PESICDE MANAG-MENT AND 11M IN S
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276 Pt:S'ICIDF MANAGI-I' AND IIM IN
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PESTICIDE RESISTANCE PROBLEMS N. Si
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Percent Control Figure 1. Trend of
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1'ESTICIDE RISISTANCE PROBLEMS IN T
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PESTICIDE RESISTANCE IN THE PHILIPP
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PSTICIDE RESISTANCE IN TIME PHILIPP
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PESTICIDE RESISTANCE INTIlE PHILIPP
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292 PE'STICIDE MANAGMitwr AND IPM I
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294 PESTICIDE MANAGEmr[ ENT AND IM
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PESTICIDE RESISTANCE: THE REALITIES
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PFESlICIDE RIEISTANCE: TILE REALIES
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HEALTH HAZARDS DUE TO THE USE OF PE
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IEALTH LAZARDS OF PESIfCIDE USE INI
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IEALTII IhAZARDS OF PESTICIDE USE I
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IIEALIII HAZARDS OFPESrICIDE USE IN
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HEALTH HIAZARDS OF PESICIDE USE IN
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Page 307 and 308:
314 PFSTICIDE MANAGEMENr AND IPM IN
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Page 311 and 312:
318 PESTICIDJE MANAGIB-ENT AND IPM
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PESTICIDE POISONING STUDIES AND DAT
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IEST1CIDE POISONING INTI1AILAND 323
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PESTICIDE POISONING: IMPROVING AND
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PESTICIDE POISONING IN SOUTiIEASTAS
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PE.STICIDE POISONING IN SOUhIIIEAST
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332 PfS'I1CID. MANAG6EMI'NTF AND I1
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334 PESICIDF .MANAGFR\WF.NT AND IPM
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336 P'ST:I1DIE MANAGF.MI N'IAND IPM
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338 PrsI1CID MANAGEI\WEN-r AND IPM
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340 III MANAGIPMNM' ANI 1PM IN SOUI
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PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN THAILAND N. T
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PF;TICl)I:B RI'NIID I S iN I'IIJAIL
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PI-STICIDF RESIDUES IN TIIAILAND 3-
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35(0 PIS'ICIIE MANA(;IINI AND IPM I
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352 PESTICIDE MANAGEIEN'Ir AND HPM
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354 PESTICIDE MANAGEMEN' AND IPM IN
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356( I'FUsTICII).. MANAGt~I-MENT AN
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358 PIESTICIDF MANAG:M'NT AND IM IN
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360 PFTP0CIDE MANAGMMENF AND HPM IN
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362 PFS'l1CJDF MANAGEMINT AND 1PM I
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364 PFS11CIDIMANAGI.MI:N'F AND IPM
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366 PFPSTICtDF IANAGLME1.N-r AND IP
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PESTICIDE RESIDUE TRIALS IN RICE IN
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t'ESI('IDiE RIsIRtIIS IN INt)NI SIA
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PESTICIDE RESIDUE CONTROL AND MONIT
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PMtI1CIDE RESIDUE CONTROL AND MoNrr
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Table 2 continued Crop and pesticid
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PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN FOOD AND THE
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PES'I1CIDE RFSIDUES INfI-OD AND TIE
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PESTICIDF RESIDUES INFOOD ANDTIIE E
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PIS'IICIDI:RI-SIDLt.S INIOODANDTIIE
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PES1ICIDF RESIDUES INFOOD AND1IILEE
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PESICIDE RFSIDUFS INFOOD AND TIIEEN
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WHAT DO PESTICIDE RESIDUE LEVELS IN
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PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN 11EIENVIRONME
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PESTICIDE RESIDUES INTIIlE EN VIRON
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I S11CID[E RSI I)UES INTIl E NVIRON
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MANUAL ON THE USE OF PESTICIDES UND
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USE OF PESTICIDES UNDEI.HI)ANK-FINA
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USE OF PESTICIDES UNDER BANK-FINANC
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APPENDIX I continued USE OF PES'ICI
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A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE OCCUPATI
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Table 1. Operator exposure (ml spra
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OCCUPATIONAL FIDPOSURE OF SPRAY WOR
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OCCUPATIONAT. TEIPOSI IRE OF SIRAY
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Dl-t-r 4 26t filtercaftirdme cast O
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418 PESI1CIDE MANAGIEMENr AND IPM I
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420 PESTCIDE MANAGFMENI"r AND IPM I
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DESTRUCTION OF PESTICIDES AND CHEMI
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DE9IRUCtION OF PESTICIDE AND CIIEMI
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DISI'RtCI'ION 01 I[.SIICII)I" AND C
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DIgi'RLCI'ION O II'I1fCIDI)I ANI) C
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DESIRUCTION O1 PESTICIDE AND C1 IEM
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LOOKING FOR THAILAND'S "LOVE CANAL"
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LOOKING FOR'I11AILAND'S LOVE CANAL"
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PESTICIDE PROBLEMS AND INDONESIAN N
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PFSTICIDE PROBLEMS AND NGO ACI'IVIT
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4412 I)I'I(CII)F MANA( I-I' AN) 1PM
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444 Pt':S-c'iI[E M\IANAGMI'.11 .V A
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446 IPESTICIDtE MANAGEIENT AND I'M
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Table 1. Training program on the sa
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PESTICIDE SAFE USE TRAINING PROGRAM
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PESTICII)E SAFE USE TRAINING PROGRA
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I-STICIDt SA-E USTRAIN1NG PROGRAMS
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TRAINING THE TRAINER BY INDUSTRY E.
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TRAIN-THE-TRAINER PROGRAMS IN THAIL
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TRAIN-TIlE-TRAINER PROGRAMS IN TIIA
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PESTICIDE SAFETY TRAINING PROGRAMS
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DURATION 45-60 min. 60-90 min. 120
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PIESTICIDIE SAI.IY '[RAINING PROGRA
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470 IPESTICIDL: MANAGFMI:NI' AND HP
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472 PFIS1CIDF NANA(;ILMI.N'F AND HP
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