and Integrated Pest Management - part - usaid

126 PEI1CIDE MANAGIMENT AND IPM IN SOUT EAST ASIA
levicollis Distant, Ilololeptaquadriden'ata(F.), and Pyrophorus sp. (Ooi et al.
1979).
In-country, clissical biological control has also been tried in the region,
especially in In'l. :.ia, where aliencyrtid egg parasite, Leefmansia bicolor
Waterson, was introduIced from Amboina for the conlrol of the coconut
grasshopper Sexuva nubila (Stal) in the Talaud Islands (Rao et al. 1971, van de
Laan 1981). Other parasites introduced for the same purpose were Doiramia
lefinansi Watcrson, ProsapegusatrellusDodd from New Guinea, and Eupelmus
sp. from Java. Tetasti,:husbrontispac (Ferriere) was also introduced from West
Java to South Sulawcsi to give complete control of the coconut hispid Brontispa
longissiena(Gcstro) (Rao et al. 1971, van de Laan 1981).
Attempts to carry out classical biological control of crep pests in Southeast
Asia, althoutlh numerous (Baltazar 1963, Napompeth 1982, Ooi et al. 1979,
Rao et al. 1971), have met mainly with failures and few successes. The
predaceots sn;ils Gonaxis quadrilaterlis (Preston), native to Africa, and
Fuglandina rosea Ferrussac, native to Florida, introduced to Malaysia,
Philippines, and Thailhnd via Hlwaii and elsewhere, seem to have uncertain
status and it is not definitely known if they have become fully established as
biological control agents fcr the giant African snail Achatinafu!icaBowdich in
the region. All the coccinellids introduced to Thailand during the 1970s and
early 1980s, Azya orbigera Mulsant, Coelophora pupillata, Cryptolaemus
montrozeiri Mulsant, and Orchus chalybeus (Boisduval) from Hawaii, and
Coclophora hinata from Kenya, could not be recovered (Napompeth 1982).
Most coccinellids introduced for various crop pests in Indonesia and the
Philippines also faced a similar fate (Baltazar 1980, Rao et al. 1971), including
the introduction of CoelophorabiplagiataSwartz from Vietnam via Taiwan for
the control of the sugarcane wooly aphid Ceratovacuna lanigera Zehnt. in
Indonesia, although these coccinellids are very effective predators in their native
habitats.
Such failures were due in part to the overuse and improper use of pesticides
among Southeast Asian farmers and growers, which in turn resulted from the
promotion of agrochemicals as "technology packages" sponsored by government
agencies and foreign agrochemical investment within the region. As far as
biological control workers in the region are concerned, such failures were also
due to the lack of sufficient interest, support, and expertise in biological control
research and development.
PROGRESS AND DEVELOPMENT OF BIOLOGICAL
CONTROL
Unlike the use of pesticides, where control is short-lived, biological control,
when achieved, is long-term, permanent, and leads to invisible end results. A
number of successes in biological control have been witnessed in several
Southeast Asian countries but all of the achievements have been overlooked, and
in some cases, totally ignored. Natural enemies introduced to other countries
from this region are nevertheless exerting acontrolling effect and contributing to
the naturally occurring biological control of the pest species concerned in their