and Integrated Pest Management - part - usaid

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106 PETlCIDE MANAGEMENT AND IPM INSOUTIIEAST ASIA would be willing to take the trouble of sampling for pests following the time-consuming often and complicated methods suggested by crop protection researchers for the sake of saving a few bahts, pesos, or rupics. To make matters worse, the farmers' perception of missing one insecticide application per season is quite different from that of the researcher's "objective" loss assessment. While the magnitude of yield losses due to insects are in the order of 10%, farmers, average, on attribute a loss of more than 40% to one missed spraying (Waibel 1986b) or even expect total loss (Brunold 1981). This, in the eyes of makes farmers, spraying a highly profitable undertaking and makes not spraying a rather risky affair. INDIRECT CONTROL MEASURES IN THE CONTEXT OF IPM Agronomic or cultural practices (we include varietal selection) with regard to pest control are measures which aim at reducing the probability of pest attack by creating unfavorable conditions for pest development (Heitefuss 1975). Since agronomic practices affect both the pest and beneficial complex, as well as crop yield, their adoption always requires a judicious compromise between plant protection and plant production (Heinrichs et al. 1979). In Table 3, we have tried to investigate possible negative effects of IPMbased agronomic practices on the economics of rice production. Only those practices that are supposed to have an influence on the pest and beneficial complex, referred to as 'potential loss', were selected. Following Table 3, the more interactions between agronomic practices and economic factors, the more conflicting the adoption of practices would be. The only IPM practice with supposedly no negative impact on economic factors is the use of economic thresholds (not an agronomic practice), making it the easiest to adopt. Practices most conflicting are variety, planting date and planting method. In varieties, pest resistance is a trait which mostly goes with high yield, although there are cases where these do not match. For example, in Thailand, RD], a highly susceptible variety, has a potential yield of almost 750 kg/rai, while the later-developed varieties which were more resistant could not reach this yield level (Anonymous 1985). Furthermore, highly resistant varieties do not always command a price as high as susceptible varieties. Also, if new certificd seeds need to be purchased from seed producers, additional cash is required in comparison to the regular practice of using owner exchanged seeds. Another example of conflicting agronomic practices is the change of the planting method due to pest reasons. In the intensive rice areas in Thailand, direct seeding is widely practiced. To change back to the transplanting method would severely affect labor and, consequently, cash resources as more transplanters would have to be hired. An important question to address is what quantitative basis exists for the IPM recommendations currently being made. Undoubtedly, research has achieved a lot in the past in identifying the influence of cultural practices on the pest and beneficial complex. On the other hand, how valid such results are beyond a given area and a given year is yet to be determined. Inthe surveillance system in
Table 3. Possible negative impact of IPM on the economic factors of irrigated rice production. Economic factors Potential yield Price of crop Cash resources Labor resources Cropping intensity Irrigation resources Potential loss Variety * • * * * Planting date * . * * * Planting method * * • * * Plant spacing • , * IPM Practices Seed Land quantity Preparation , * , , * * , Fertilizer Input , * Water Management , . , * Pesticide Application •* .. 0 0
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Pesticide Managemen and Integrated
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Correct citation: P. S.Teng and K.,
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IPM DEVELOPMENT Crop protection and
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A comparative study on the occupati
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PREFACE The Southeast Asi-n region
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FUTURE NEEDS FOR PESTICIDE MANAGEME
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FUIURE NEEDS FOR PESTICIDE MANAGEME
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FUTURE NEEDS FOR P'STICIDE ,MANAGEM
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FUTURE NEEDS FOR PESTICIDE MANAGEME
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1UI'RE NEEDS FOR PIESTICIDF MA NAGI
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1:1-FURT: NEED'I)S FOR PF.SII1)" MA
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14 PI-S'IlCIDE MANAGIEMENT AND 1PM
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16 Il-'IICIDE MANA(C;I-N'I AND IPM
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18 PF1STnCIDF MANAGEMENT AND IPM 1:
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OVERVIEW OF IPM INFRASTRUCTURE AND
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Table 2. List of some of the major
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IPM ON ESTATE CROPS ININDONTSIA 25
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2. IMPLEMENTATION PHASE IPM ON FOOD
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[IM ON ESTATE CROPS IN MALAYSIA 33
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IMPLEI MENTATION Cost Objectives IP
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HPM ON ESTATE CROPS IN MALAYSIA 37
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IPM ON ESTATE CROPS IN MALAYSIA 39
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HPM ON ESTATE CROPS IN MALAYSIA 4 1
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4.4 PESTICIDE MANAGEMENT AND IPM IN
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46 PESTCIDE MANAGEMENT AND IPM INSO
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Table 1continued Variety Maturity N
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50 PESTICIDE MANAGEMENT AND IPM IN
Page 59 and 60: 52 PESCIDE MANAGEMENT AND 1PM IN SO
Page 61 and 62: 54 PESTICIDE MANAGEMENTI AND IPM IN
Page 63 and 64: 56 PES'IiCIDE MANAGIEMI/N'I AND 1PM
Page 65 and 66: 5X iILPI1CiDI: NANA;I-\II AND 1PM I
Page 67 and 68: 6G PESI1CIDE MANAGEMENT AND 1PM INS
Page 69 and 70: 02 PI:SICIDIANAGIME-T AND I, INSOUI
Page 71 and 72: 64 PESTiCIDE MANAGEMENT AND IPM INS
Page 73 and 74: THE ROLE OF INSECTICIDES IN RICE IP
Page 75 and 76: ROLE OF INSE-TICIDES INRICE IPM SYS
Page 77 and 78: ROLE OF INSETICIDES INRICE I1'M SYS
Page 79 and 80: FEASIBILITY OF USING LOCALLY PRODUC
Page 81 and 82: USE OFB 1"J CONTROL IROPICAL INSECr
Page 83 and 84: USE OF BI TO CONTROL'TROPICAL INSEC
Page 85 and 86: USE OF Bt TO CONrOIROLTOPICAL INS E
Page 87 and 88: USE OF B TO CONTROL'IROPICAL INSECT
Page 89 and 90: 84 PFS'I1CID MANAGEMFN'I AND IPM IN
Page 91 and 92: 86 PESTICIDE MANAGEMENT AND IPM IN
Page 95 and 96: 90 PI:S'ICIDE MANAGI'ENTIIN AND HPM
Page 97 and 98: 92 PI-iCIDE ,MANAGEMENTr AND IPM IN
Page 99 and 100: DEVELOPMENT OF ACTION CONTROL THRES
Page 101 and 102: DEVELOPMflr r OF ACTION CONTROL TIR
Page 103 and 104: DEVEOPMENr OF ACTION CONTROL TIRESI
Page 105 and 106: DEVE.OPMENT OF ACTION CONTROLmTIIRE
Page 107 and 108: ECONOMICS OF INTEGRATED PEST CONTRO
Page 109: Increase innet return (S/ho) 30 25
Page 113 and 114: ECONOMICS OFIPC IN RICE IN SOUTIIlE
Page 115 and 116: ECONOMICS OF IPC IN RICE INSOUTIEAS
Page 117 and 118: 114 PSTICIDE MANAGENTIr AND IPM IN
Page 119 and 120: 116 PES11CIDE MANAGEMENT AND IPM IN
Page 121 and 122: 118 PFSTICIDE MANAGEMENT AND IPM IN
Page 125 and 126: 122 PESCIDE MANAGEMENT AND IPM INSO
Page 127 and 128: 124 PESTICIDE MANAGIEN-" AND nPM IN
Page 129 and 130: 126 PEI1CIDE MANAGIMENT AND IPM IN
Page 133 and 134: BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF CORN STALK BO
Page 135 and 136: BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OFCORN STALK BOR
Page 137 and 138: CROP PROTECTION AND 1PM IN RAINFED
Page 139 and 140: IPM IN RAINFED CROPPING SYSTEMS INN
Page 141 and 142: IPM IN RAINI:ED CROI iNC; SYSTE'IMS
Page 143 and 144: IPM IN RAINFED CROPPING SYSIEMS IN
Page 145 and 146: 1PM IN RAINFIED CROPIPING SYS'I.IS
Page 147 and 148: I 4b IIk%1CII)E - MANAGIIj.NTI ANt)
Page 149 and 150: 148 PE3SIICtDEMANAGEMENI' AND IPM I
Page 151 and 152: 150 PFSTICII)E MANAG'MENTI" AND IIM
Page 153 and 154: 152 PESllCIDE MANAGEMENT AND IPM IN
Page 155 and 156: 154 PESTICIDE MANAGEMFNT AND IPM IN
Page 157 and 158: AN APPROACH TO INTEGRATED PEST MANA
Page 159 and 160: IPM AI'I V'IIlE.S OF TI tE PlIIAI'P
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no.&% 60 50 40 1PM ACTIVrI1S OF "I'
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IM ACI'IV1IS OF1TI III 111.1 11NI t
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1PM ACT'IVrIIES O: TIlE II/P1 IILII
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IPM ACI'IVrll-S OF TI I 11 II.PlNE-
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ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION OF IPM: THE
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ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION OF 1PM 171 W
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ECONOMIC JIS'IFICATION OF PIIM173 W
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IPM ACTIVITIES IN SUGARCANE IN THAI
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HPM ACHIVITIES INSUGARCANI INTIIAIL
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Table 2. Comparison of investment c
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IPM ACTIVITIES IN COCONUT IN SOUTHE
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)M A(:I'IV'IIB.S INC(X:()N1S 183 co
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IPM ACI'VITIES IN COCONUTS 185 year
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PEST MANAGEMENT ON OIL PALM IN MALA
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IPEST MANAGEF.N'rON OI IPALM IhNMAL
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PI TFMANAGIEMI-\I'ON O11. IAIM INMA
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PEST MANAGEMENT ON COCOA IN MALAYSI
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PI'ST MANAGLMI .N'I' ON C(XXOA INMA
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IIST M,',ANAGEMpI'r ON COCO,', INMA
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P.ST MANAG!,MlNI" ON CCXTO)A IN MAA
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PEST MANAGEMENT ON COCOA IN MALAYSI
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PES' MANAGEMIN ON COCOA INMALAYSIA
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206 I'ES'ICIDI MANA(IMFIT AND IPMIN
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208 PESTICIDE MANAGI-2.MENT AND HPM
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210 PFS'I1CIDE MANAG[12EN' AND IPM
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21 - 1CIDI- MANAGI.MI-NT AND IPM IN
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Table 2. Effect of different insect
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Table 3. Comparative economics of d
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220 IP'FCID:IMANAGMENT AND HPM IN S
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222 PFuS'IICIDE MANAGFMI'NT' AND IP
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224 PESTICIDE MANAGIEMEN'I' AND 1PM
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2 26 I'S'lCII)EIIMANAGFMI'NT"AND IP
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228 PESTICIDE MANAGENENT AND IPM IN
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230 P.STICIDE MANAGEMIN I'AND IM IN
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232 IESTICIDE MANAGEMENT AND fPM IN
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234 PESTICIDIF MIANAGI:.EN' AND 1PM
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236 I. S'EI1CI1)- MANAGtMI/NT' AND
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I 0 af VV4' ~ . f). IC AI ~ 1U 8 '8
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240 PES'I1CIDE MANAGFMEN'"I' AND IP
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242 tl-S'(ll.E MANAGIMI-NI AND IPM
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244 PESTICIDE MANAGEMI-Nt' AND IPM
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APPENDIX I continued__ Pest 1.6 Zig
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APPENDIX I continued Pest 3. Rats (
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APPENDIX I continued Pest Sampling
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252 PE."ST'IICIDI- MANAGEMI-ENT AND
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254 PESICIDE MANAGFMAENT AND [PM IN
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OVERVIEW OF PESTICIDE RESISTANCE PR
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PISICIDE R3SISTANCE PROILEMS INSOU1
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PII'S'IICIDI" RESISTAN(J- IROBI.I[M
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lI.S'I1CIDEi RFSISIANCI- IIROIII.I'
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Insect Rice insect pcst Nilaparvata
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APPENDIX I continued Insect Insect
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271 Pt-5ICIDI- MANA(;I\I-' AN) 1PM
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272 7 cb2ol:\1ANA { \I:\ AND PM IN
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274 PESICDE MANAG-MENT AND 11M IN S
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276 Pt:S'ICIDF MANAGI-I' AND IIM IN
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PESTICIDE RESISTANCE PROBLEMS N. Si
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Percent Control Figure 1. Trend of
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1'ESTICIDE RISISTANCE PROBLEMS IN T
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PESTICIDE RESISTANCE IN THE PHILIPP
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PSTICIDE RESISTANCE IN TIME PHILIPP
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PESTICIDE RESISTANCE INTIlE PHILIPP
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292 PE'STICIDE MANAGMitwr AND IPM I
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294 PESTICIDE MANAGEmr[ ENT AND IM
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PESTICIDE RESISTANCE: THE REALITIES
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PFESlICIDE RIEISTANCE: TILE REALIES
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HEALTH HAZARDS DUE TO THE USE OF PE
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IEALTH LAZARDS OF PESIfCIDE USE INI
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IEALTII IhAZARDS OF PESTICIDE USE I
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IIEALIII HAZARDS OFPESrICIDE USE IN
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HEALTH HIAZARDS OF PESICIDE USE IN
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314 PFSTICIDE MANAGEMENr AND IPM IN
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318 PESTICIDJE MANAGIB-ENT AND IPM
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PESTICIDE POISONING STUDIES AND DAT
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IEST1CIDE POISONING INTI1AILAND 323
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PESTICIDE POISONING: IMPROVING AND
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PESTICIDE POISONING IN SOUTiIEASTAS
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PE.STICIDE POISONING IN SOUhIIIEAST
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332 PfS'I1CID. MANAG6EMI'NTF AND I1
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334 PESICIDF .MANAGFR\WF.NT AND IPM
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336 P'ST:I1DIE MANAGF.MI N'IAND IPM
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338 PrsI1CID MANAGEI\WEN-r AND IPM
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340 III MANAGIPMNM' ANI 1PM IN SOUI
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PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN THAILAND N. T
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PF;TICl)I:B RI'NIID I S iN I'IIJAIL
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PI-STICIDF RESIDUES IN TIIAILAND 3-
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35(0 PIS'ICIIE MANA(;IINI AND IPM I
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352 PESTICIDE MANAGEIEN'Ir AND HPM
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354 PESTICIDE MANAGEMEN' AND IPM IN
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356( I'FUsTICII).. MANAGt~I-MENT AN
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358 PIESTICIDF MANAG:M'NT AND IM IN
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360 PFTP0CIDE MANAGMMENF AND HPM IN
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362 PFS'l1CJDF MANAGEMINT AND 1PM I
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364 PFS11CIDIMANAGI.MI:N'F AND IPM
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366 PFPSTICtDF IANAGLME1.N-r AND IP
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PESTICIDE RESIDUE TRIALS IN RICE IN
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t'ESI('IDiE RIsIRtIIS IN INt)NI SIA
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PESTICIDE RESIDUE CONTROL AND MONIT
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PMtI1CIDE RESIDUE CONTROL AND MoNrr
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Table 2 continued Crop and pesticid
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PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN FOOD AND THE
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PES'I1CIDE RFSIDUES INfI-OD AND TIE
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PESTICIDF RESIDUES INFOOD ANDTIIE E
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PIS'IICIDI:RI-SIDLt.S INIOODANDTIIE
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PES1ICIDF RESIDUES INFOOD AND1IILEE
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PESICIDE RFSIDUFS INFOOD AND TIIEEN
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WHAT DO PESTICIDE RESIDUE LEVELS IN
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PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN 11EIENVIRONME
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PESTICIDE RESIDUES INTIIlE EN VIRON
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I S11CID[E RSI I)UES INTIl E NVIRON
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MANUAL ON THE USE OF PESTICIDES UND
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USE OF PESTICIDES UNDEI.HI)ANK-FINA
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USE OF PESTICIDES UNDER BANK-FINANC
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APPENDIX I continued USE OF PES'ICI
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A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE OCCUPATI
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Table 1. Operator exposure (ml spra
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OCCUPATIONAL FIDPOSURE OF SPRAY WOR
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OCCUPATIONAT. TEIPOSI IRE OF SIRAY
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Dl-t-r 4 26t filtercaftirdme cast O
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418 PESI1CIDE MANAGIEMENr AND IPM I
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420 PESTCIDE MANAGFMENI"r AND IPM I
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DESTRUCTION OF PESTICIDES AND CHEMI
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DE9IRUCtION OF PESTICIDE AND CIIEMI
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DISI'RtCI'ION 01 I[.SIICII)I" AND C
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DIgi'RLCI'ION O II'I1fCIDI)I ANI) C
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DESIRUCTION O1 PESTICIDE AND C1 IEM
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LOOKING FOR THAILAND'S "LOVE CANAL"
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LOOKING FOR'I11AILAND'S LOVE CANAL"
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PESTICIDE PROBLEMS AND INDONESIAN N
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PFSTICIDE PROBLEMS AND NGO ACI'IVIT
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4412 I)I'I(CII)F MANA( I-I' AN) 1PM
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444 Pt':S-c'iI[E M\IANAGMI'.11 .V A
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446 IPESTICIDtE MANAGEIENT AND I'M
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Table 1. Training program on the sa
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PESTICIDE SAFE USE TRAINING PROGRAM
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PESTICII)E SAFE USE TRAINING PROGRA
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I-STICIDt SA-E USTRAIN1NG PROGRAMS
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TRAINING THE TRAINER BY INDUSTRY E.
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TRAIN-THE-TRAINER PROGRAMS IN THAIL
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TRAIN-TIlE-TRAINER PROGRAMS IN TIIA
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PESTICIDE SAFETY TRAINING PROGRAMS
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DURATION 45-60 min. 60-90 min. 120
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PIESTICIDIE SAI.IY '[RAINING PROGRA
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470 IPESTICIDL: MANAGFMI:NI' AND HP
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472 PFIS1CIDF NANA(;ILMI.N'F AND HP
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