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406 PIs'IICIDE MANAGI:IINTI" AND 1PM INSOUTHEAST ASIA APPENDIX I contiunc, G. Monitoring and Training Needs in the Region 1. Quality Control 2. Residue Monitoring 3. Environmental Monitoring 4. Occupational Health Monitoring 5. Training Requirements CHAPTER V: FRAMEWORK FOR THE SELECTION OF PESTICID)ES UNDER BANK-FINANCED PROJECTS A. General Approach B. Criteria for Selection of Pesticides Under Bank-funded Projects I. Cost-effectiveness 2. Health and Safety Consideration 3. Environmental Impacts C. Health and Environmental Checklist CHAPTER VI: PROCUREMENT OF PESTICIDES UNDER BANK- FINANCED PROJECTS A. Effects of B. Regulatory Considerations Policies Affecting C. Importation Distribution of Technical Networks Materials and Other Institutional Forces Marketing Affecting of Pesticide D. Products Approaches to Pesticide Procurement CHAPTER VII: PESTICIDES INFORMATION SOURCES A. Summary of Selected Iatemational Pesticides Publications B. Directory of Organizations Involved in Pesticides GLOSSARY OF TERMS LIST OF REFERENCES
A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE OF SPRAY WORKERS USING KNAPSACK AND SPINNING DISC SPRAYERS S. H. Tan', S. Ramasamy', C. H. Yeoh 2 , and K. Ahmad' 'Department of Agriculture, and 2 Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia, Malaysia In Peninsular Malaysia, as much as 75% of all pesticides used annually are herbicides (Balasubramaniam et al. 1984). The non-motorized hydraulic knapsack sprayers arc by far the most widely used spray equipment for herbicide application (Ramasamy & Aros 1986). Since the early eighties, spinning disc (SD) sprayers have also been used for this purpose. With rising costs as well as scarcity of plantation labor, this equipmnent proved practical as it required less water, was suitable in hilly terrain, and operators could cover a larger area per unit time (2-2.5 ha/day) compared to the knapsack sprayer (1 ha/day). Their use gradually increased, particularly in some plantations in the country (Ramasamy & Aros 1986). Initially they were reported to 'e used for the application of glyphosate for the control of weeds like lalang (Imperatacylindrica). It was also reported to be used with other herbicides like trichlopyr (Lee 1983) and paraquat (Maclean 1984) for gencral weed control. These herbicides were invariably used with the SD equipment at concentrations higher than were normally recommended with the knapsack sprayer. For example, paraquat concentrations reccmmended for use with knapsack sprayers were about 1:80-1:160 dilutions of a 25% active ingredient (paraquat dichloride) product. These were increased to as much as 1:25 diluton for use with the SD npplicators (Maclean 1984). Although occupational exposure of spray workers has been studied extensively in other countries (Crome 1985) only limited studies have been clone in Malaysia. Swan (1969) carried out two field trials in Mlaaysian rubber plantations to study the exposure of spray operators who applied paraquat for weed control with hand-operated knapsack sprayers. This was followed by a study on the health of Malaysian plantation workers with particular reference to paraquat spraymcn (Howard et al. 1981) and another on the occupational exposure of Malaysian plantation workers to paraquat (Chester & Woollen 1981). More recently, Lee & Chung (1985) estimated from droplet counts the potential contamination of spray operators using flame orange fluorescent tracer. In view of the above, it was felt that there is a need for further studies to determine the potential exposure of spray operators using the SD and knapsack sprayers under local conditions so that necessary recommendations can be made to ensure their safe use. There has been little standardization on methods for the evaluation of operator exposure. The World Health Organization (WHO) developed one for such an evaluation in 1975 (WHO 1975) and later revised it in 1982 (WHO 1982). Another method was developed by the Operator Protection Research
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Pesticide Managemen and Integrated
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Correct citation: P. S.Teng and K.,
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IPM DEVELOPMENT Crop protection and
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A comparative study on the occupati
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PREFACE The Southeast Asi-n region
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FUTURE NEEDS FOR PESTICIDE MANAGEME
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FUIURE NEEDS FOR PESTICIDE MANAGEME
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FUTURE NEEDS FOR P'STICIDE ,MANAGEM
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FUTURE NEEDS FOR PESTICIDE MANAGEME
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1UI'RE NEEDS FOR PIESTICIDF MA NAGI
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1:1-FURT: NEED'I)S FOR PF.SII1)" MA
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14 PI-S'IlCIDE MANAGIEMENT AND 1PM
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16 Il-'IICIDE MANA(C;I-N'I AND IPM
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18 PF1STnCIDF MANAGEMENT AND IPM 1:
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OVERVIEW OF IPM INFRASTRUCTURE AND
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Table 2. List of some of the major
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IPM ON ESTATE CROPS ININDONTSIA 25
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2. IMPLEMENTATION PHASE IPM ON FOOD
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[IM ON ESTATE CROPS IN MALAYSIA 33
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IMPLEI MENTATION Cost Objectives IP
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HPM ON ESTATE CROPS IN MALAYSIA 37
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IPM ON ESTATE CROPS IN MALAYSIA 39
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HPM ON ESTATE CROPS IN MALAYSIA 4 1
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4.4 PESTICIDE MANAGEMENT AND IPM IN
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46 PESTCIDE MANAGEMENT AND IPM INSO
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Table 1continued Variety Maturity N
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50 PESTICIDE MANAGEMENT AND IPM IN
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52 PESCIDE MANAGEMENT AND 1PM IN SO
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54 PESTICIDE MANAGEMENTI AND IPM IN
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56 PES'IiCIDE MANAGIEMI/N'I AND 1PM
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5X iILPI1CiDI: NANA;I-\II AND 1PM I
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6G PESI1CIDE MANAGEMENT AND 1PM INS
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02 PI:SICIDIANAGIME-T AND I, INSOUI
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64 PESTiCIDE MANAGEMENT AND IPM INS
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THE ROLE OF INSECTICIDES IN RICE IP
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ROLE OF INSE-TICIDES INRICE IPM SYS
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ROLE OF INSETICIDES INRICE I1'M SYS
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FEASIBILITY OF USING LOCALLY PRODUC
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USE OFB 1"J CONTROL IROPICAL INSECr
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USE OF BI TO CONTROL'TROPICAL INSEC
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USE OF Bt TO CONrOIROLTOPICAL INS E
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USE OF B TO CONTROL'IROPICAL INSECT
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84 PFS'I1CID MANAGEMFN'I AND IPM IN
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90 PI:S'ICIDE MANAGI'ENTIIN AND HPM
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92 PI-iCIDE ,MANAGEMENTr AND IPM IN
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DEVELOPMENT OF ACTION CONTROL THRES
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DEVELOPMflr r OF ACTION CONTROL TIR
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DEVEOPMENr OF ACTION CONTROL TIRESI
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DEVE.OPMENT OF ACTION CONTROLmTIIRE
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ECONOMICS OF INTEGRATED PEST CONTRO
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Increase innet return (S/ho) 30 25
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Table 3. Possible negative impact o
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ECONOMICS OFIPC IN RICE IN SOUTIIlE
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ECONOMICS OF IPC IN RICE INSOUTIEAS
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114 PSTICIDE MANAGENTIr AND IPM IN
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116 PES11CIDE MANAGEMENT AND IPM IN
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118 PFSTICIDE MANAGEMENT AND IPM IN
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122 PESCIDE MANAGEMENT AND IPM INSO
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124 PESTICIDE MANAGIEN-" AND nPM IN
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126 PEI1CIDE MANAGIMENT AND IPM IN
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BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF CORN STALK BO
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BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OFCORN STALK BOR
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CROP PROTECTION AND 1PM IN RAINFED
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IPM IN RAINFED CROPPING SYSTEMS INN
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IPM IN RAINI:ED CROI iNC; SYSTE'IMS
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IPM IN RAINFED CROPPING SYSIEMS IN
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1PM IN RAINFIED CROPIPING SYS'I.IS
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I 4b IIk%1CII)E - MANAGIIj.NTI ANt)
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148 PE3SIICtDEMANAGEMENI' AND IPM I
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150 PFSTICII)E MANAG'MENTI" AND IIM
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152 PESllCIDE MANAGEMENT AND IPM IN
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154 PESTICIDE MANAGEMFNT AND IPM IN
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AN APPROACH TO INTEGRATED PEST MANA
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IPM AI'I V'IIlE.S OF TI tE PlIIAI'P
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no.&% 60 50 40 1PM ACTIVrI1S OF "I'
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IM ACI'IV1IS OF1TI III 111.1 11NI t
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1PM ACT'IVrIIES O: TIlE II/P1 IILII
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IPM ACI'IVrll-S OF TI I 11 II.PlNE-
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ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION OF IPM: THE
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ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION OF 1PM 171 W
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ECONOMIC JIS'IFICATION OF PIIM173 W
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IPM ACTIVITIES IN SUGARCANE IN THAI
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HPM ACHIVITIES INSUGARCANI INTIIAIL
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Table 2. Comparison of investment c
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IPM ACTIVITIES IN COCONUT IN SOUTHE
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)M A(:I'IV'IIB.S INC(X:()N1S 183 co
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IPM ACI'VITIES IN COCONUTS 185 year
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PEST MANAGEMENT ON OIL PALM IN MALA
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IPEST MANAGEF.N'rON OI IPALM IhNMAL
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PI TFMANAGIEMI-\I'ON O11. IAIM INMA
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PEST MANAGEMENT ON COCOA IN MALAYSI
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PI'ST MANAGLMI .N'I' ON C(XXOA INMA
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IIST M,',ANAGEMpI'r ON COCO,', INMA
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P.ST MANAG!,MlNI" ON CCXTO)A IN MAA
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PEST MANAGEMENT ON COCOA IN MALAYSI
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PES' MANAGEMIN ON COCOA INMALAYSIA
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206 I'ES'ICIDI MANA(IMFIT AND IPMIN
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208 PESTICIDE MANAGI-2.MENT AND HPM
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210 PFS'I1CIDE MANAG[12EN' AND IPM
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21 - 1CIDI- MANAGI.MI-NT AND IPM IN
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Table 2. Effect of different insect
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Table 3. Comparative economics of d
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220 IP'FCID:IMANAGMENT AND HPM IN S
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222 PFuS'IICIDE MANAGFMI'NT' AND IP
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224 PESTICIDE MANAGIEMEN'I' AND 1PM
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2 26 I'S'lCII)EIIMANAGFMI'NT"AND IP
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228 PESTICIDE MANAGENENT AND IPM IN
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230 P.STICIDE MANAGEMIN I'AND IM IN
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232 IESTICIDE MANAGEMENT AND fPM IN
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234 PESTICIDIF MIANAGI:.EN' AND 1PM
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236 I. S'EI1CI1)- MANAGtMI/NT' AND
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I 0 af VV4' ~ . f). IC AI ~ 1U 8 '8
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240 PES'I1CIDE MANAGFMEN'"I' AND IP
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242 tl-S'(ll.E MANAGIMI-NI AND IPM
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244 PESTICIDE MANAGEMI-Nt' AND IPM
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APPENDIX I continued__ Pest 1.6 Zig
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APPENDIX I continued Pest 3. Rats (
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APPENDIX I continued Pest Sampling
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252 PE."ST'IICIDI- MANAGEMI-ENT AND
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254 PESICIDE MANAGFMAENT AND [PM IN
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OVERVIEW OF PESTICIDE RESISTANCE PR
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PISICIDE R3SISTANCE PROILEMS INSOU1
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PII'S'IICIDI" RESISTAN(J- IROBI.I[M
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lI.S'I1CIDEi RFSISIANCI- IIROIII.I'
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Insect Rice insect pcst Nilaparvata
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APPENDIX I continued Insect Insect
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271 Pt-5ICIDI- MANA(;I\I-' AN) 1PM
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272 7 cb2ol:\1ANA { \I:\ AND PM IN
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274 PESICDE MANAG-MENT AND 11M IN S
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276 Pt:S'ICIDF MANAGI-I' AND IIM IN
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PESTICIDE RESISTANCE PROBLEMS N. Si
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Percent Control Figure 1. Trend of
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1'ESTICIDE RISISTANCE PROBLEMS IN T
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PESTICIDE RESISTANCE IN THE PHILIPP
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PSTICIDE RESISTANCE IN TIME PHILIPP
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PESTICIDE RESISTANCE INTIlE PHILIPP
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292 PE'STICIDE MANAGMitwr AND IPM I
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294 PESTICIDE MANAGEmr[ ENT AND IM
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PESTICIDE RESISTANCE: THE REALITIES
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PFESlICIDE RIEISTANCE: TILE REALIES
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HEALTH HAZARDS DUE TO THE USE OF PE
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IEALTH LAZARDS OF PESIfCIDE USE INI
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IEALTII IhAZARDS OF PESTICIDE USE I
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IIEALIII HAZARDS OFPESrICIDE USE IN
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HEALTH HIAZARDS OF PESICIDE USE IN
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314 PFSTICIDE MANAGEMENr AND IPM IN
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318 PESTICIDJE MANAGIB-ENT AND IPM
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PESTICIDE POISONING STUDIES AND DAT
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IEST1CIDE POISONING INTI1AILAND 323
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PESTICIDE POISONING: IMPROVING AND
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PESTICIDE POISONING IN SOUTiIEASTAS
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PE.STICIDE POISONING IN SOUhIIIEAST
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332 PfS'I1CID. MANAG6EMI'NTF AND I1
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334 PESICIDF .MANAGFR\WF.NT AND IPM
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336 P'ST:I1DIE MANAGF.MI N'IAND IPM
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338 PrsI1CID MANAGEI\WEN-r AND IPM
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340 III MANAGIPMNM' ANI 1PM IN SOUI
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PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN THAILAND N. T
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PF;TICl)I:B RI'NIID I S iN I'IIJAIL
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PI-STICIDF RESIDUES IN TIIAILAND 3-
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35(0 PIS'ICIIE MANA(;IINI AND IPM I
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352 PESTICIDE MANAGEIEN'Ir AND HPM
Page 343 and 344: 354 PESTICIDE MANAGEMEN' AND IPM IN
Page 345 and 346: 356( I'FUsTICII).. MANAGt~I-MENT AN
Page 347 and 348: 358 PIESTICIDF MANAG:M'NT AND IM IN
Page 349 and 350: 360 PFTP0CIDE MANAGMMENF AND HPM IN
Page 351 and 352: 362 PFS'l1CJDF MANAGEMINT AND 1PM I
Page 353 and 354: 364 PFS11CIDIMANAGI.MI:N'F AND IPM
Page 355 and 356: 366 PFPSTICtDF IANAGLME1.N-r AND IP
Page 357 and 358: PESTICIDE RESIDUE TRIALS IN RICE IN
Page 359 and 360: t'ESI('IDiE RIsIRtIIS IN INt)NI SIA
Page 361 and 362: PESTICIDE RESIDUE CONTROL AND MONIT
Page 363 and 364: PMtI1CIDE RESIDUE CONTROL AND MoNrr
Page 365 and 366: Table 2 continued Crop and pesticid
Page 367 and 368: PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN FOOD AND THE
Page 369 and 370: PES'I1CIDE RFSIDUES INfI-OD AND TIE
Page 371 and 372: PESTICIDF RESIDUES INFOOD ANDTIIE E
Page 373 and 374: PIS'IICIDI:RI-SIDLt.S INIOODANDTIIE
Page 375 and 376: PES1ICIDF RESIDUES INFOOD AND1IILEE
Page 377 and 378: PESICIDE RFSIDUFS INFOOD AND TIIEEN
Page 379 and 380: WHAT DO PESTICIDE RESIDUE LEVELS IN
Page 381 and 382: PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN 11EIENVIRONME
Page 383 and 384: PESTICIDE RESIDUES INTIIlE EN VIRON
Page 385 and 386: I S11CID[E RSI I)UES INTIl E NVIRON
Page 387 and 388: MANUAL ON THE USE OF PESTICIDES UND
Page 389 and 390: USE OF PESTICIDES UNDEI.HI)ANK-FINA
Page 391 and 392: USE OF PESTICIDES UNDER BANK-FINANC
Page 393: APPENDIX I continued USE OF PES'ICI
Page 397 and 398: Table 1. Operator exposure (ml spra
Page 399 and 400: OCCUPATIONAL FIDPOSURE OF SPRAY WOR
Page 401 and 402: OCCUPATIONAT. TEIPOSI IRE OF SIRAY
Page 403 and 404: Dl-t-r 4 26t filtercaftirdme cast O
Page 405 and 406: 418 PESI1CIDE MANAGIEMENr AND IPM I
Page 407 and 408: 420 PESTCIDE MANAGFMENI"r AND IPM I
Page 409 and 410: DESTRUCTION OF PESTICIDES AND CHEMI
Page 411 and 412: DE9IRUCtION OF PESTICIDE AND CIIEMI
Page 413 and 414: DISI'RtCI'ION 01 I[.SIICII)I" AND C
Page 415 and 416: DIgi'RLCI'ION O II'I1fCIDI)I ANI) C
Page 417 and 418: DESIRUCTION O1 PESTICIDE AND C1 IEM
Page 419 and 420: LOOKING FOR THAILAND'S "LOVE CANAL"
Page 421 and 422: LOOKING FOR'I11AILAND'S LOVE CANAL"
Page 423 and 424: PESTICIDE PROBLEMS AND INDONESIAN N
Page 425 and 426: PFSTICIDE PROBLEMS AND NGO ACI'IVIT
Page 427 and 428: 4412 I)I'I(CII)F MANA( I-I' AN) 1PM
Page 429 and 430: 444 Pt':S-c'iI[E M\IANAGMI'.11 .V A
Page 431 and 432: 446 IPESTICIDtE MANAGEIENT AND I'M
Page 433 and 434: Table 1. Training program on the sa
Page 435 and 436: PESTICIDE SAFE USE TRAINING PROGRAM
Page 437 and 438: PESTICII)E SAFE USE TRAINING PROGRA
Page 439 and 440: I-STICIDt SA-E USTRAIN1NG PROGRAMS
Page 441 and 442: TRAINING THE TRAINER BY INDUSTRY E.
Page 443 and 444: TRAIN-THE-TRAINER PROGRAMS IN THAIL
Page 445 and 446:
TRAIN-TIlE-TRAINER PROGRAMS IN TIIA
Page 447 and 448:
PESTICIDE SAFETY TRAINING PROGRAMS
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DURATION 45-60 min. 60-90 min. 120
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PIESTICIDIE SAI.IY '[RAINING PROGRA
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470 IPESTICIDL: MANAGFMI:NI' AND HP
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472 PFIS1CIDF NANA(;ILMI.N'F AND HP
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