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PESITICIDE POISONING INCEINTRAL LUION, PI IILIPPINES 333 in 1972. A series of insect and virus disease outbreaks, beginning in 1971, served to increase insecticide use. Between 1966 and 1979, insecticide applications on rice rose more than 500%. Compounds in widespread use during the 1970s included carbofuran, endrin, methyl parathion, and monocrotophos (Cordova et al. 1980, Worthing 1979). The liquid formulations sold in Central Luzon are classified as "extremely" or "highly hazardous" by the World Health Organization (WHO). Aliaga, Jacn, and Zaragoza are rural municipalities (combined 1080 population of 96,0(0) in Nueva Ecija province. In typical villages, more than 80% of household heads are engaged in rice farming. Farmers typically applied insecticides 4-5 times per crop and treatments were concentrated in the vegetative stage, particularly during the month subsequent to transplanting. Men generally applied insecticide; by backpack sprayer without protective clothing (locally unavailable). Since the late 1970s farmers' consumption of insecticides has remained constant or declined slightly. Cabaatuan (population 138,000) is a nearby center within whicn are both urban neighborhoods, where occupational exposure to insecticides is likely to be low, and rural rice-producing villages. Population estimates were taken from the national censuses of 1960, 1970, 1975 and 1980 (DCI 1960, 1970, 1975,1980) and by interpolation. Mortality statistics for 1961-84 were obtained from the civil registries, derived from death certificates. The causes ascribed were noted and entries assigned to one of four age classes: 1-5 years, 6-14 years, and men and women 15-54 years. Deaths due to traumatic causes were excluded, save non-suicidal poisonings ascribed to pesticides or unspecified substances. As consistent census breakdowns of the rural and urban populations of Cahanatuan were not available, indices of mortality by age class were calculated as the number of deaths in the urban or rural areas divided by the city's population in that year. This will be proportional to the death rate if the urbanrural mix remains constant. Cebanatuan has grown rapidly in recent years as a result of rural immigration and if, as appears likely, most immigrants settled in the urban neighborhood, a given proportionate change in the index of mortality would overestimate the true change in death rate in the urban areas and underestimate it in the rural areas. For men and women, death rates in the rural municipalities and indices of mortality in Cabanatuan were adjusted to the city's age distribution in 1960 by the dih,(ct method. Trends in mortality in the 1-5 years and 6-14 years age classes were analyzed by means of Armitage's test (Armitage 1971), and by !east squares regression of arc sine-transformed rates for men and women (as these had been age-adjusted). -lowever, as the use of insecticides has increased unevenly (rapidly in the years after 1972, slowly or not at all since the late 1970s), a moce appropriate analysis of tiend would consider mortality in relation to two pcriods, one of low use (1961-ii) and one of high use (1972-84). The t-test was used to compare mean arc sine-transformed rates except in the case of diagnosed poisoning, where a more conservative non-parametric method, the Mann- Whitney U-test was employed because of the few deaths in the early period.
334 PESICIDF .MANAGFR\WF.NT AND IPM INSOU'II [FAST ASIA Changes in the proportions were analyzcd by mcans of the appropriate Chisquare test. RESULTS Mortality by Age and Sex Classes While non-traumatic mortality incrcased significantly since 1961 among men, there was a marked decline among women (Figure 1). The death rate fell as well among children 1-5 years ( : 2 = 58.5, P
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Pesticide Managemen and Integrated
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Correct citation: P. S.Teng and K.,
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IPM DEVELOPMENT Crop protection and
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A comparative study on the occupati
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PREFACE The Southeast Asi-n region
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FUTURE NEEDS FOR PESTICIDE MANAGEME
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FUIURE NEEDS FOR PESTICIDE MANAGEME
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FUTURE NEEDS FOR P'STICIDE ,MANAGEM
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FUTURE NEEDS FOR PESTICIDE MANAGEME
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1UI'RE NEEDS FOR PIESTICIDF MA NAGI
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1:1-FURT: NEED'I)S FOR PF.SII1)" MA
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14 PI-S'IlCIDE MANAGIEMENT AND 1PM
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16 Il-'IICIDE MANA(C;I-N'I AND IPM
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18 PF1STnCIDF MANAGEMENT AND IPM 1:
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OVERVIEW OF IPM INFRASTRUCTURE AND
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Table 2. List of some of the major
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IPM ON ESTATE CROPS ININDONTSIA 25
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2. IMPLEMENTATION PHASE IPM ON FOOD
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[IM ON ESTATE CROPS IN MALAYSIA 33
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IMPLEI MENTATION Cost Objectives IP
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HPM ON ESTATE CROPS IN MALAYSIA 37
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IPM ON ESTATE CROPS IN MALAYSIA 39
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HPM ON ESTATE CROPS IN MALAYSIA 4 1
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4.4 PESTICIDE MANAGEMENT AND IPM IN
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46 PESTCIDE MANAGEMENT AND IPM INSO
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Table 1continued Variety Maturity N
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50 PESTICIDE MANAGEMENT AND IPM IN
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52 PESCIDE MANAGEMENT AND 1PM IN SO
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54 PESTICIDE MANAGEMENTI AND IPM IN
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56 PES'IiCIDE MANAGIEMI/N'I AND 1PM
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5X iILPI1CiDI: NANA;I-\II AND 1PM I
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6G PESI1CIDE MANAGEMENT AND 1PM INS
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02 PI:SICIDIANAGIME-T AND I, INSOUI
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64 PESTiCIDE MANAGEMENT AND IPM INS
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THE ROLE OF INSECTICIDES IN RICE IP
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ROLE OF INSE-TICIDES INRICE IPM SYS
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ROLE OF INSETICIDES INRICE I1'M SYS
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FEASIBILITY OF USING LOCALLY PRODUC
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USE OFB 1"J CONTROL IROPICAL INSECr
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USE OF BI TO CONTROL'TROPICAL INSEC
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USE OF Bt TO CONrOIROLTOPICAL INS E
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USE OF B TO CONTROL'IROPICAL INSECT
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84 PFS'I1CID MANAGEMFN'I AND IPM IN
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90 PI:S'ICIDE MANAGI'ENTIIN AND HPM
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92 PI-iCIDE ,MANAGEMENTr AND IPM IN
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DEVELOPMENT OF ACTION CONTROL THRES
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DEVELOPMflr r OF ACTION CONTROL TIR
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DEVEOPMENr OF ACTION CONTROL TIRESI
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DEVE.OPMENT OF ACTION CONTROLmTIIRE
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ECONOMICS OF INTEGRATED PEST CONTRO
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Increase innet return (S/ho) 30 25
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Table 3. Possible negative impact o
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ECONOMICS OFIPC IN RICE IN SOUTIIlE
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ECONOMICS OF IPC IN RICE INSOUTIEAS
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114 PSTICIDE MANAGENTIr AND IPM IN
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116 PES11CIDE MANAGEMENT AND IPM IN
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118 PFSTICIDE MANAGEMENT AND IPM IN
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122 PESCIDE MANAGEMENT AND IPM INSO
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124 PESTICIDE MANAGIEN-" AND nPM IN
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126 PEI1CIDE MANAGIMENT AND IPM IN
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BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF CORN STALK BO
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BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OFCORN STALK BOR
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CROP PROTECTION AND 1PM IN RAINFED
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IPM IN RAINFED CROPPING SYSTEMS INN
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IPM IN RAINI:ED CROI iNC; SYSTE'IMS
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IPM IN RAINFED CROPPING SYSIEMS IN
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1PM IN RAINFIED CROPIPING SYS'I.IS
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I 4b IIk%1CII)E - MANAGIIj.NTI ANt)
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148 PE3SIICtDEMANAGEMENI' AND IPM I
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150 PFSTICII)E MANAG'MENTI" AND IIM
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152 PESllCIDE MANAGEMENT AND IPM IN
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154 PESTICIDE MANAGEMFNT AND IPM IN
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AN APPROACH TO INTEGRATED PEST MANA
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IPM AI'I V'IIlE.S OF TI tE PlIIAI'P
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no.&% 60 50 40 1PM ACTIVrI1S OF "I'
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IM ACI'IV1IS OF1TI III 111.1 11NI t
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1PM ACT'IVrIIES O: TIlE II/P1 IILII
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IPM ACI'IVrll-S OF TI I 11 II.PlNE-
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ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION OF IPM: THE
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ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION OF 1PM 171 W
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ECONOMIC JIS'IFICATION OF PIIM173 W
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IPM ACTIVITIES IN SUGARCANE IN THAI
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HPM ACHIVITIES INSUGARCANI INTIIAIL
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Table 2. Comparison of investment c
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IPM ACTIVITIES IN COCONUT IN SOUTHE
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)M A(:I'IV'IIB.S INC(X:()N1S 183 co
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IPM ACI'VITIES IN COCONUTS 185 year
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PEST MANAGEMENT ON OIL PALM IN MALA
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IPEST MANAGEF.N'rON OI IPALM IhNMAL
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PI TFMANAGIEMI-\I'ON O11. IAIM INMA
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PEST MANAGEMENT ON COCOA IN MALAYSI
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PI'ST MANAGLMI .N'I' ON C(XXOA INMA
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IIST M,',ANAGEMpI'r ON COCO,', INMA
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P.ST MANAG!,MlNI" ON CCXTO)A IN MAA
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PEST MANAGEMENT ON COCOA IN MALAYSI
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PES' MANAGEMIN ON COCOA INMALAYSIA
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206 I'ES'ICIDI MANA(IMFIT AND IPMIN
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208 PESTICIDE MANAGI-2.MENT AND HPM
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210 PFS'I1CIDE MANAG[12EN' AND IPM
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21 - 1CIDI- MANAGI.MI-NT AND IPM IN
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Table 2. Effect of different insect
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Table 3. Comparative economics of d
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220 IP'FCID:IMANAGMENT AND HPM IN S
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222 PFuS'IICIDE MANAGFMI'NT' AND IP
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224 PESTICIDE MANAGIEMEN'I' AND 1PM
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2 26 I'S'lCII)EIIMANAGFMI'NT"AND IP
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228 PESTICIDE MANAGENENT AND IPM IN
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230 P.STICIDE MANAGEMIN I'AND IM IN
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232 IESTICIDE MANAGEMENT AND fPM IN
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234 PESTICIDIF MIANAGI:.EN' AND 1PM
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236 I. S'EI1CI1)- MANAGtMI/NT' AND
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I 0 af VV4' ~ . f). IC AI ~ 1U 8 '8
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240 PES'I1CIDE MANAGFMEN'"I' AND IP
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242 tl-S'(ll.E MANAGIMI-NI AND IPM
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244 PESTICIDE MANAGEMI-Nt' AND IPM
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APPENDIX I continued__ Pest 1.6 Zig
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APPENDIX I continued Pest 3. Rats (
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APPENDIX I continued Pest Sampling
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252 PE."ST'IICIDI- MANAGEMI-ENT AND
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254 PESICIDE MANAGFMAENT AND [PM IN
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OVERVIEW OF PESTICIDE RESISTANCE PR
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PISICIDE R3SISTANCE PROILEMS INSOU1
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PII'S'IICIDI" RESISTAN(J- IROBI.I[M
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lI.S'I1CIDEi RFSISIANCI- IIROIII.I'
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Insect Rice insect pcst Nilaparvata
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APPENDIX I continued Insect Insect
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271 Pt-5ICIDI- MANA(;I\I-' AN) 1PM
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272 7 cb2ol:\1ANA { \I:\ AND PM IN
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274 PESICDE MANAG-MENT AND 11M IN S
Page 273 and 274: 276 Pt:S'ICIDF MANAGI-I' AND IIM IN
Page 275 and 276: PESTICIDE RESISTANCE PROBLEMS N. Si
Page 277 and 278: Percent Control Figure 1. Trend of
Page 279 and 280: 1'ESTICIDE RISISTANCE PROBLEMS IN T
Page 281 and 282: PESTICIDE RESISTANCE IN THE PHILIPP
Page 283 and 284: PSTICIDE RESISTANCE IN TIME PHILIPP
Page 285 and 286: PESTICIDE RESISTANCE INTIlE PHILIPP
Page 287 and 288: 292 PE'STICIDE MANAGMitwr AND IPM I
Page 289 and 290: 294 PESTICIDE MANAGEmr[ ENT AND IM
Page 291 and 292: PESTICIDE RESISTANCE: THE REALITIES
Page 293 and 294: PFESlICIDE RIEISTANCE: TILE REALIES
Page 295 and 296: HEALTH HAZARDS DUE TO THE USE OF PE
Page 297 and 298: IEALTH LAZARDS OF PESIfCIDE USE INI
Page 299 and 300: IEALTII IhAZARDS OF PESTICIDE USE I
Page 301 and 302: IIEALIII HAZARDS OFPESrICIDE USE IN
Page 303 and 304: HEALTH HIAZARDS OF PESICIDE USE IN
Page 305 and 306: 312 PESTICIDE MANAGEMENT AND IPM IN
Page 307 and 308: 314 PFSTICIDE MANAGEMENr AND IPM IN
Page 309 and 310: 316 PESTICIDE MANAGEMENT AND IPM IN
Page 311 and 312: 318 PESTICIDJE MANAGIB-ENT AND IPM
Page 313 and 314: PESTICIDE POISONING STUDIES AND DAT
Page 315 and 316: IEST1CIDE POISONING INTI1AILAND 323
Page 317 and 318: PESTICIDE POISONING: IMPROVING AND
Page 319 and 320: PESTICIDE POISONING IN SOUTiIEASTAS
Page 321 and 322: PE.STICIDE POISONING IN SOUhIIIEAST
Page 323: 332 PfS'I1CID. MANAG6EMI'NTF AND I1
Page 327 and 328: 336 P'ST:I1DIE MANAGF.MI N'IAND IPM
Page 329 and 330: 338 PrsI1CID MANAGEI\WEN-r AND IPM
Page 331 and 332: 340 III MANAGIPMNM' ANI 1PM IN SOUI
Page 333 and 334: PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN THAILAND N. T
Page 335 and 336: PF;TICl)I:B RI'NIID I S iN I'IIJAIL
Page 337 and 338: PI-STICIDF RESIDUES IN TIIAILAND 3-
Page 339 and 340: 35(0 PIS'ICIIE MANA(;IINI AND IPM I
Page 341 and 342: 352 PESTICIDE MANAGEIEN'Ir AND HPM
Page 343 and 344: 354 PESTICIDE MANAGEMEN' AND IPM IN
Page 345 and 346: 356( I'FUsTICII).. MANAGt~I-MENT AN
Page 347 and 348: 358 PIESTICIDF MANAG:M'NT AND IM IN
Page 349 and 350: 360 PFTP0CIDE MANAGMMENF AND HPM IN
Page 351 and 352: 362 PFS'l1CJDF MANAGEMINT AND 1PM I
Page 353 and 354: 364 PFS11CIDIMANAGI.MI:N'F AND IPM
Page 355 and 356: 366 PFPSTICtDF IANAGLME1.N-r AND IP
Page 357 and 358: PESTICIDE RESIDUE TRIALS IN RICE IN
Page 359 and 360: t'ESI('IDiE RIsIRtIIS IN INt)NI SIA
Page 361 and 362: PESTICIDE RESIDUE CONTROL AND MONIT
Page 363 and 364: PMtI1CIDE RESIDUE CONTROL AND MoNrr
Page 365 and 366: Table 2 continued Crop and pesticid
Page 367 and 368: PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN FOOD AND THE
Page 369 and 370: PES'I1CIDE RFSIDUES INfI-OD AND TIE
Page 371 and 372: PESTICIDF RESIDUES INFOOD ANDTIIE E
Page 373 and 374: PIS'IICIDI:RI-SIDLt.S INIOODANDTIIE
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PES1ICIDF RESIDUES INFOOD AND1IILEE
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PESICIDE RFSIDUFS INFOOD AND TIIEEN
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WHAT DO PESTICIDE RESIDUE LEVELS IN
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PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN 11EIENVIRONME
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PESTICIDE RESIDUES INTIIlE EN VIRON
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I S11CID[E RSI I)UES INTIl E NVIRON
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MANUAL ON THE USE OF PESTICIDES UND
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USE OF PESTICIDES UNDEI.HI)ANK-FINA
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USE OF PESTICIDES UNDER BANK-FINANC
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APPENDIX I continued USE OF PES'ICI
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A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE OCCUPATI
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Table 1. Operator exposure (ml spra
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OCCUPATIONAL FIDPOSURE OF SPRAY WOR
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OCCUPATIONAT. TEIPOSI IRE OF SIRAY
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Dl-t-r 4 26t filtercaftirdme cast O
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418 PESI1CIDE MANAGIEMENr AND IPM I
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420 PESTCIDE MANAGFMENI"r AND IPM I
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DESTRUCTION OF PESTICIDES AND CHEMI
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DE9IRUCtION OF PESTICIDE AND CIIEMI
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DISI'RtCI'ION 01 I[.SIICII)I" AND C
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DIgi'RLCI'ION O II'I1fCIDI)I ANI) C
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DESIRUCTION O1 PESTICIDE AND C1 IEM
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LOOKING FOR THAILAND'S "LOVE CANAL"
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LOOKING FOR'I11AILAND'S LOVE CANAL"
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PESTICIDE PROBLEMS AND INDONESIAN N
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PFSTICIDE PROBLEMS AND NGO ACI'IVIT
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4412 I)I'I(CII)F MANA( I-I' AN) 1PM
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444 Pt':S-c'iI[E M\IANAGMI'.11 .V A
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446 IPESTICIDtE MANAGEIENT AND I'M
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Table 1. Training program on the sa
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PESTICIDE SAFE USE TRAINING PROGRAM
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PESTICII)E SAFE USE TRAINING PROGRA
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I-STICIDt SA-E USTRAIN1NG PROGRAMS
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TRAINING THE TRAINER BY INDUSTRY E.
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TRAIN-THE-TRAINER PROGRAMS IN THAIL
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TRAIN-TIlE-TRAINER PROGRAMS IN TIIA
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PESTICIDE SAFETY TRAINING PROGRAMS
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DURATION 45-60 min. 60-90 min. 120
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PIESTICIDIE SAI.IY '[RAINING PROGRA
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470 IPESTICIDL: MANAGFMI:NI' AND HP
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472 PFIS1CIDF NANA(;ILMI.N'F AND HP
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