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194 I'i'ES'IICIDE MANA(;-\-N'I' ANt) IPM INSOf'IlEAST ASIA Table 1. Key, occasional, and potential faunal pests of cocoa in Malaysia. SocciOs OgJe Family Key pests Apogonia spp. Adoretius spp. Anoinalapallida(F.) Ileiopeltisspp. Conoponorpha cranerella (Snellen) Zeuzera spp. Ratus spp. Callosciurus spp. Occasional pests* Platyngoniriodesapiformis Ghauri Cactanococcusspp. Planococcus spp. Ferrisianavirgata Ckll. Darnatrina(Mr.) Setora nitens Wlk. Ploneladiducta Sn. 77tosea spp. Claniaspp. Pagodiellahekmeyeri Hey. Atetisa plana Wlk. CretoustopsychependulaJoann. Alahasena corbettiTams. E'lproctisspp. Adoxophyes privatana(Wlk) Dichocrocispunctiferalis(Gn.) Endoclitahosei Tindale IndarbeladisciplagaS win. Valanganigricornis(Bunn.) Cerosternasp. nr. pollinosaBuquet Potential Wcsls* Lawana sp. Colobesthesfalcata Guer. Ceroplastodes chiton Green * selected. Coleoptera Coleoptera Colcoptera Hemiptera Lepidoptera Lepidoptera Rodentia Rodentia Hemiptera Hemiptcra Hcmiptera Hemiptera Lepidoptera Lepidoptcra Lepitoptera Lepidoptcra Lepidoptcra Lepidoptera Lepidoptera Lepidoptcra Lepidoptcra Lepidoptera Lcpidoptera Lcpidoptera Lepidoptera Lepidopter Orthopthera Coleoptera Hemiptera Hemiptera Homoptem Scarabacidac Scarabaci-,ae Scarabacidae Miridae Gracillariidae Cossidae Muridae Sciuridae Miridac Coccidae Coccidae Coccidae Limacodidae Limacodidae Limacodidae Limacodidae Psychidae Psychidae Psychidae Psychidae Psychidae Lymantriidae Tortricidae Pyralidae Hepialidae Metarbelidac Acrididae Cerambycidae Flatidae Flatidac Coccidae occasional pests listed in Table I adhere to this definition, although there are clear exceptions (e.g., Indarbeladisciplagaand Endoclita hosei). Nevertheless, for all species listed, it is possible to predict the necessity of chemical intervention for control of outbreaks. Occasional pests are the dominant group
PI'ST MANAGLMI .N'I' ON C(XXOA INMAI.AYSIA 195 of pests on Malaysian cocoa, and because of the very intermittent nature of outbreaks of these pests, only chemicals can be used for timely intervention. Potential pests are commonly those that occur through artificial disturbances, and in most cases are naturally regulated once the disturbance lessens. Examples in Table 1 fit well into this definition (Shah 1978, Sidhu 1983). As key pests are those which show most chronicity, this means that at any one time, pest management on cocoa in Malaysia would be concerned with any one of such organisms listed in Table 1. Strategies and advances in pest managpment in the crop may thus be illustrated with the following key pests the scarabacid dcfbliators, mirids, borers and rodents (especially rats). CONTROL OF SCARABAEID DEFOLIATORS A complex of scarabacid defoliators attacks cocoa in Malaysia. Prominent members are Apogonia cribicollis,A. expeditionis,Adoretus cribratus,A. compressus and Anomala oallida (Entwistle 1072). The insects are nocturnal feeders, adults hiding in the soil between cocoa (luring the day. Larval stages of the insects are spent in the soil, grubs normally feeding on grass roots and vegetal)le detritus. Young cocoa is particularly susceptible to attack by the cockchafers and tend to be most set back (hiring their first one or two years after planting out. Damage can be severe; attacked plants can suffer 50% reduction of stem crosssectional area and plantings can require 30% replacement of points (Thong et al. 1977). Although mature cocoa are often able to tolerate some cockchafer (lamage, yield losses due to the insect have been recorded (Ooi & Han 1980). Mechanical and chemical methods seem to be the most practical control methods for the insect. From as early as 1953, the placing of a physical barrier, such as paln fronds, around newly planted cocoa has been shown to reduce cockchafer damage (Lever 1953). At the same time, control is augmented by soil treatment, gamma HCTI being effective. Foliage ('an also be sprayed with lead arsenate, a contact insecticide like dieldrin being added as trees begin to bear pods so that Ilelopeltis can be simultaneously controlled. Chemical control is the more effective of the two strategies, even at the present time. Refinements have been developed for chemical applicmtion, notably the use of stem painting and granular insecticide application techniques. For the former, Tan et al. (1974) reported that stem painting of acephate o young cocoa allowed sufficient amounts of the systemic poison to be translocated to leaves for control of defoliators. For granular insecticides, aldicarb, when broadcast on soil in a 30 cm radius around the stem, was proven by Thong (1976) to be more efficient than foliar sprays. Nevertheless, due to the high mammalian toxicity, aldicarb has since been deregistered in Malaysia, thus preventing its use. In older cocoa, granular insecticides have been tried for controlling outbreaks of the insect (Ooi & Han 1980) but results have been variable. Foliar sprays will continue to be the most effective method for control of such damage, chemicals like acephate and methamidophos being appropriate. Nevertheless, the lessened occurrence of severe damage in mature cocoa, together with an improved awareness of
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Pesticide Managemen and Integrated
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Correct citation: P. S.Teng and K.,
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IPM DEVELOPMENT Crop protection and
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A comparative study on the occupati
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PREFACE The Southeast Asi-n region
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FUTURE NEEDS FOR PESTICIDE MANAGEME
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FUIURE NEEDS FOR PESTICIDE MANAGEME
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FUTURE NEEDS FOR P'STICIDE ,MANAGEM
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FUTURE NEEDS FOR PESTICIDE MANAGEME
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1UI'RE NEEDS FOR PIESTICIDF MA NAGI
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1:1-FURT: NEED'I)S FOR PF.SII1)" MA
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14 PI-S'IlCIDE MANAGIEMENT AND 1PM
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16 Il-'IICIDE MANA(C;I-N'I AND IPM
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18 PF1STnCIDF MANAGEMENT AND IPM 1:
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OVERVIEW OF IPM INFRASTRUCTURE AND
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Table 2. List of some of the major
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IPM ON ESTATE CROPS ININDONTSIA 25
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2. IMPLEMENTATION PHASE IPM ON FOOD
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[IM ON ESTATE CROPS IN MALAYSIA 33
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IMPLEI MENTATION Cost Objectives IP
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HPM ON ESTATE CROPS IN MALAYSIA 37
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IPM ON ESTATE CROPS IN MALAYSIA 39
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HPM ON ESTATE CROPS IN MALAYSIA 4 1
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4.4 PESTICIDE MANAGEMENT AND IPM IN
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46 PESTCIDE MANAGEMENT AND IPM INSO
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Table 1continued Variety Maturity N
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50 PESTICIDE MANAGEMENT AND IPM IN
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52 PESCIDE MANAGEMENT AND 1PM IN SO
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54 PESTICIDE MANAGEMENTI AND IPM IN
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56 PES'IiCIDE MANAGIEMI/N'I AND 1PM
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5X iILPI1CiDI: NANA;I-\II AND 1PM I
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6G PESI1CIDE MANAGEMENT AND 1PM INS
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02 PI:SICIDIANAGIME-T AND I, INSOUI
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64 PESTiCIDE MANAGEMENT AND IPM INS
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THE ROLE OF INSECTICIDES IN RICE IP
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ROLE OF INSE-TICIDES INRICE IPM SYS
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ROLE OF INSETICIDES INRICE I1'M SYS
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FEASIBILITY OF USING LOCALLY PRODUC
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USE OFB 1"J CONTROL IROPICAL INSECr
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USE OF BI TO CONTROL'TROPICAL INSEC
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USE OF Bt TO CONrOIROLTOPICAL INS E
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USE OF B TO CONTROL'IROPICAL INSECT
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84 PFS'I1CID MANAGEMFN'I AND IPM IN
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90 PI:S'ICIDE MANAGI'ENTIIN AND HPM
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92 PI-iCIDE ,MANAGEMENTr AND IPM IN
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DEVELOPMENT OF ACTION CONTROL THRES
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DEVELOPMflr r OF ACTION CONTROL TIR
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DEVEOPMENr OF ACTION CONTROL TIRESI
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DEVE.OPMENT OF ACTION CONTROLmTIIRE
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ECONOMICS OF INTEGRATED PEST CONTRO
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Increase innet return (S/ho) 30 25
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Table 3. Possible negative impact o
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ECONOMICS OFIPC IN RICE IN SOUTIIlE
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ECONOMICS OF IPC IN RICE INSOUTIEAS
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114 PSTICIDE MANAGENTIr AND IPM IN
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116 PES11CIDE MANAGEMENT AND IPM IN
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118 PFSTICIDE MANAGEMENT AND IPM IN
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122 PESCIDE MANAGEMENT AND IPM INSO
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124 PESTICIDE MANAGIEN-" AND nPM IN
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126 PEI1CIDE MANAGIMENT AND IPM IN
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BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF CORN STALK BO
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BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OFCORN STALK BOR
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CROP PROTECTION AND 1PM IN RAINFED
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IPM IN RAINFED CROPPING SYSTEMS INN
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IPM IN RAINI:ED CROI iNC; SYSTE'IMS
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Page 145 and 146: 1PM IN RAINFIED CROPIPING SYS'I.IS
Page 147 and 148: I 4b IIk%1CII)E - MANAGIIj.NTI ANt)
Page 149 and 150: 148 PE3SIICtDEMANAGEMENI' AND IPM I
Page 151 and 152: 150 PFSTICII)E MANAG'MENTI" AND IIM
Page 153 and 154: 152 PESllCIDE MANAGEMENT AND IPM IN
Page 155 and 156: 154 PESTICIDE MANAGEMFNT AND IPM IN
Page 157 and 158: AN APPROACH TO INTEGRATED PEST MANA
Page 159 and 160: IPM AI'I V'IIlE.S OF TI tE PlIIAI'P
Page 161 and 162: no.&% 60 50 40 1PM ACTIVrI1S OF "I'
Page 163 and 164: IM ACI'IV1IS OF1TI III 111.1 11NI t
Page 165 and 166: 1PM ACT'IVrIIES O: TIlE II/P1 IILII
Page 167 and 168: IPM ACI'IVrll-S OF TI I 11 II.PlNE-
Page 169 and 170: ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION OF IPM: THE
Page 171 and 172: ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION OF 1PM 171 W
Page 173 and 174: ECONOMIC JIS'IFICATION OF PIIM173 W
Page 175 and 176: IPM ACTIVITIES IN SUGARCANE IN THAI
Page 177 and 178: HPM ACHIVITIES INSUGARCANI INTIIAIL
Page 179 and 180: Table 2. Comparison of investment c
Page 181 and 182: IPM ACTIVITIES IN COCONUT IN SOUTHE
Page 183 and 184: )M A(:I'IV'IIB.S INC(X:()N1S 183 co
Page 185 and 186: IPM ACI'VITIES IN COCONUTS 185 year
Page 187 and 188: PEST MANAGEMENT ON OIL PALM IN MALA
Page 189 and 190: IPEST MANAGEF.N'rON OI IPALM IhNMAL
Page 191 and 192: PI TFMANAGIEMI-\I'ON O11. IAIM INMA
Page 193: PEST MANAGEMENT ON COCOA IN MALAYSI
Page 197 and 198: IIST M,',ANAGEMpI'r ON COCO,', INMA
Page 199 and 200: P.ST MANAG!,MlNI" ON CCXTO)A IN MAA
Page 201 and 202: PEST MANAGEMENT ON COCOA IN MALAYSI
Page 203 and 204: PES' MANAGEMIN ON COCOA INMALAYSIA
Page 205 and 206: 206 I'ES'ICIDI MANA(IMFIT AND IPMIN
Page 207 and 208: 208 PESTICIDE MANAGI-2.MENT AND HPM
Page 209 and 210: 210 PFS'I1CIDE MANAG[12EN' AND IPM
Page 211 and 212: 212 PESTICIDE MANAGEMENT AND IPM IN
Page 213 and 214: 21 - 1CIDI- MANAGI.MI-NT AND IPM IN
Page 215 and 216: Table 2. Effect of different insect
Page 217 and 218: Table 3. Comparative economics of d
Page 219 and 220: 220 IP'FCID:IMANAGMENT AND HPM IN S
Page 221 and 222: 222 PFuS'IICIDE MANAGFMI'NT' AND IP
Page 223 and 224: 224 PESTICIDE MANAGIEMEN'I' AND 1PM
Page 225 and 226: 2 26 I'S'lCII)EIIMANAGFMI'NT"AND IP
Page 227 and 228: 228 PESTICIDE MANAGENENT AND IPM IN
Page 229 and 230: 230 P.STICIDE MANAGEMIN I'AND IM IN
Page 231 and 232: 232 IESTICIDE MANAGEMENT AND fPM IN
Page 233 and 234: 234 PESTICIDIF MIANAGI:.EN' AND 1PM
Page 235 and 236: 236 I. S'EI1CI1)- MANAGtMI/NT' AND
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Page 239 and 240: 240 PES'I1CIDE MANAGFMEN'"I' AND IP
Page 241 and 242: 242 tl-S'(ll.E MANAGIMI-NI AND IPM
Page 243 and 244: 244 PESTICIDE MANAGEMI-Nt' AND IPM
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APPENDIX I continued__ Pest 1.6 Zig
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APPENDIX I continued Pest 3. Rats (
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APPENDIX I continued Pest Sampling
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252 PE."ST'IICIDI- MANAGEMI-ENT AND
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254 PESICIDE MANAGFMAENT AND [PM IN
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OVERVIEW OF PESTICIDE RESISTANCE PR
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PISICIDE R3SISTANCE PROILEMS INSOU1
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PII'S'IICIDI" RESISTAN(J- IROBI.I[M
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lI.S'I1CIDEi RFSISIANCI- IIROIII.I'
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Insect Rice insect pcst Nilaparvata
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APPENDIX I continued Insect Insect
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271 Pt-5ICIDI- MANA(;I\I-' AN) 1PM
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272 7 cb2ol:\1ANA { \I:\ AND PM IN
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274 PESICDE MANAG-MENT AND 11M IN S
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276 Pt:S'ICIDF MANAGI-I' AND IIM IN
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PESTICIDE RESISTANCE PROBLEMS N. Si
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Percent Control Figure 1. Trend of
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1'ESTICIDE RISISTANCE PROBLEMS IN T
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PESTICIDE RESISTANCE IN THE PHILIPP
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PSTICIDE RESISTANCE IN TIME PHILIPP
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PESTICIDE RESISTANCE INTIlE PHILIPP
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292 PE'STICIDE MANAGMitwr AND IPM I
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294 PESTICIDE MANAGEmr[ ENT AND IM
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PESTICIDE RESISTANCE: THE REALITIES
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PFESlICIDE RIEISTANCE: TILE REALIES
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HEALTH HAZARDS DUE TO THE USE OF PE
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IEALTH LAZARDS OF PESIfCIDE USE INI
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IEALTII IhAZARDS OF PESTICIDE USE I
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IIEALIII HAZARDS OFPESrICIDE USE IN
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HEALTH HIAZARDS OF PESICIDE USE IN
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314 PFSTICIDE MANAGEMENr AND IPM IN
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318 PESTICIDJE MANAGIB-ENT AND IPM
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PESTICIDE POISONING STUDIES AND DAT
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IEST1CIDE POISONING INTI1AILAND 323
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PESTICIDE POISONING: IMPROVING AND
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PESTICIDE POISONING IN SOUTiIEASTAS
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PE.STICIDE POISONING IN SOUhIIIEAST
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332 PfS'I1CID. MANAG6EMI'NTF AND I1
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334 PESICIDF .MANAGFR\WF.NT AND IPM
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336 P'ST:I1DIE MANAGF.MI N'IAND IPM
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338 PrsI1CID MANAGEI\WEN-r AND IPM
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340 III MANAGIPMNM' ANI 1PM IN SOUI
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PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN THAILAND N. T
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PF;TICl)I:B RI'NIID I S iN I'IIJAIL
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PI-STICIDF RESIDUES IN TIIAILAND 3-
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35(0 PIS'ICIIE MANA(;IINI AND IPM I
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352 PESTICIDE MANAGEIEN'Ir AND HPM
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354 PESTICIDE MANAGEMEN' AND IPM IN
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356( I'FUsTICII).. MANAGt~I-MENT AN
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358 PIESTICIDF MANAG:M'NT AND IM IN
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360 PFTP0CIDE MANAGMMENF AND HPM IN
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362 PFS'l1CJDF MANAGEMINT AND 1PM I
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364 PFS11CIDIMANAGI.MI:N'F AND IPM
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366 PFPSTICtDF IANAGLME1.N-r AND IP
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PESTICIDE RESIDUE TRIALS IN RICE IN
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t'ESI('IDiE RIsIRtIIS IN INt)NI SIA
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PESTICIDE RESIDUE CONTROL AND MONIT
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PMtI1CIDE RESIDUE CONTROL AND MoNrr
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Table 2 continued Crop and pesticid
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PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN FOOD AND THE
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PES'I1CIDE RFSIDUES INfI-OD AND TIE
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PESTICIDF RESIDUES INFOOD ANDTIIE E
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PIS'IICIDI:RI-SIDLt.S INIOODANDTIIE
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PES1ICIDF RESIDUES INFOOD AND1IILEE
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PESICIDE RFSIDUFS INFOOD AND TIIEEN
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WHAT DO PESTICIDE RESIDUE LEVELS IN
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PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN 11EIENVIRONME
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PESTICIDE RESIDUES INTIIlE EN VIRON
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I S11CID[E RSI I)UES INTIl E NVIRON
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MANUAL ON THE USE OF PESTICIDES UND
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USE OF PESTICIDES UNDEI.HI)ANK-FINA
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USE OF PESTICIDES UNDER BANK-FINANC
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APPENDIX I continued USE OF PES'ICI
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A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE OCCUPATI
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Table 1. Operator exposure (ml spra
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OCCUPATIONAL FIDPOSURE OF SPRAY WOR
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OCCUPATIONAT. TEIPOSI IRE OF SIRAY
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Dl-t-r 4 26t filtercaftirdme cast O
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418 PESI1CIDE MANAGIEMENr AND IPM I
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420 PESTCIDE MANAGFMENI"r AND IPM I
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DESTRUCTION OF PESTICIDES AND CHEMI
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DE9IRUCtION OF PESTICIDE AND CIIEMI
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DISI'RtCI'ION 01 I[.SIICII)I" AND C
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DIgi'RLCI'ION O II'I1fCIDI)I ANI) C
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DESIRUCTION O1 PESTICIDE AND C1 IEM
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LOOKING FOR THAILAND'S "LOVE CANAL"
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LOOKING FOR'I11AILAND'S LOVE CANAL"
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PESTICIDE PROBLEMS AND INDONESIAN N
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PFSTICIDE PROBLEMS AND NGO ACI'IVIT
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4412 I)I'I(CII)F MANA( I-I' AN) 1PM
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444 Pt':S-c'iI[E M\IANAGMI'.11 .V A
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446 IPESTICIDtE MANAGEIENT AND I'M
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Table 1. Training program on the sa
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PESTICIDE SAFE USE TRAINING PROGRAM
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PESTICII)E SAFE USE TRAINING PROGRA
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I-STICIDt SA-E USTRAIN1NG PROGRAMS
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TRAINING THE TRAINER BY INDUSTRY E.
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TRAIN-THE-TRAINER PROGRAMS IN THAIL
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TRAIN-TIlE-TRAINER PROGRAMS IN TIIA
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PESTICIDE SAFETY TRAINING PROGRAMS
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DURATION 45-60 min. 60-90 min. 120
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PIESTICIDIE SAI.IY '[RAINING PROGRA
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470 IPESTICIDL: MANAGFMI:NI' AND HP
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472 PFIS1CIDF NANA(;ILMI.N'F AND HP
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