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-132 I'S'IIi,\.ANAcI'\I/NI AND [IM IN SOU'III'AST ASIA APPENDIX Illb Combustion products of sulfur-conlaining pesticides in air (Kennedy et al. 1978). Nl COMFIUSTION PR0DUCIS ....... |"UNUIUH-( 01 NI I'(-;_P(l:.%1R:I. IN IR 42)2 2 0 N NO At02 tio 2 0f~ N fO2 Nt 0 0P1 4h4 N20 2 0 () 106 200 S ) 100t 0102 . It2 2 L 0 2.00 7.2 . o-4 " .2a .3 10to I10_ "B .7 .32 • 20 10 N 2 .0 a 2020 2.24,a 10 " . 8 • 10 4 - I 721 k10 .80 ao+~ N61.7 a 0o 1.2 42 10 4 1 . 0x 10 . 10 " .63a4.480 W7 . 1 0 x 10 10 - 2.4 2 x10 3.02 a 10 1160x .8.4 3 10 $ '7 4 .0*•9 10 2 .00 a 0 50 0.001 .0 2x 10 2 C8111oN sPS _ Combu~tom xham._ Tamp 11°-C) PrOd, 1727° 123 7.C T 242202.42 20610.0 2 27°C C CO 0.C2 Mo,hx 10o' 24 0.0 1 000 4.3 0 a0. 1 .20 1 x 10 " 28.4 2 22,00 10a 2 " 2.07 a 1021 0.00 " 7.40 x 10 .4 0 .3 0.00 . 0 .00 . 5 0 2 2.04 10 .0 0.00 0 00 0.00 2 O., .6 100 1 -2 .0'240.a 0 1 4 0.00 4.272 10 2 " .2 • 1 " 4.+7x 10
LOOKING FOR THAILAND'S "LOVE CANAL" J. K. Jensen and G. Zweig American Embassy, 95 Wireless Rd., Bangkok 10500, Thailand and Zweig Associates, Arlington, Virginia 22207, U.S.A. The pleasant sounding words "Love Canal" provoke horror in most Americans. Thoughts that come to mind are chemicals oozing up through neatly trimmed grass where children play, birth defects and cancer. What was the cause of this horror? Love Canal was a residential estate near Buffalo, New York, that was built over a chemical company's then-legal dump site for wastes associated with pesticide manulacture and formulation. This included old drums filled with toxic chemicals and solvents. The title of the land changed hands several times and was eventually sold for real estate development. The toxic waste dump site was covered over with dirt and homes were built on top of it. Twenty years later, the problems described a!:ove began. Serious problems involving obsolete pesticide stocks exist in a number of developing countries in Asia and Africa. For example, it has been authoritatively reported (PAPA 1985) that 212 lots of pesticides have been identified in Punjab Province, Pakistan, and appear to be abandoned. Among these lots are reported to be 1.5 million kg of 5% cndosulfan granules, 230,000 liters of Gusthion 20% EC, 250,000 liters of Phosvel 27% EC, and many more. The first two are examples of persistent chlorinated pesticides and toxic organophosphorns compounds. The third, Phosvel, has never been registered for use in die USA and was banned throughota the world due to its delayed effects on the central nervous syst" i of mammals, causing temporary and sometimes permanent paralysis from high exposure. Until 1980, the government had distributed pesticides free of charge or highly subsidized them, resulting in excess stock far above the needs of farmers. I1large stocks of unattended, obsolete pesticides are left in the open or in temporary storage, especially in tropical climates, the containers may corrode and the contents may leak out, endangering man and the environment. An additional problem arises if a pesticide is broken down into more toxic degradation products. The USAID Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance recognized that a "Love Canal" or a similar problem involving obsolete pes:icides could occur in other African or Asian countries that are users of large ( 1,antities of pesticides, and hence funded a survey (Jensen & Zweig 1986) to determine whether such a problem is likely to occur in Thailand. The members of the survey team in Thailand were Yothin U. (Khon Kacn University, Khon Kaen 40260, Thailand), Paitoon P. (Department of Agriculture, Bangkok 9, Thailand), Usanee U.,
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Pesticide Managemen and Integrated
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Correct citation: P. S.Teng and K.,
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IPM DEVELOPMENT Crop protection and
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A comparative study on the occupati
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PREFACE The Southeast Asi-n region
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FUTURE NEEDS FOR PESTICIDE MANAGEME
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FUIURE NEEDS FOR PESTICIDE MANAGEME
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FUTURE NEEDS FOR P'STICIDE ,MANAGEM
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FUTURE NEEDS FOR PESTICIDE MANAGEME
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1UI'RE NEEDS FOR PIESTICIDF MA NAGI
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1:1-FURT: NEED'I)S FOR PF.SII1)" MA
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14 PI-S'IlCIDE MANAGIEMENT AND 1PM
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16 Il-'IICIDE MANA(C;I-N'I AND IPM
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18 PF1STnCIDF MANAGEMENT AND IPM 1:
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OVERVIEW OF IPM INFRASTRUCTURE AND
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Table 2. List of some of the major
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IPM ON ESTATE CROPS ININDONTSIA 25
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2. IMPLEMENTATION PHASE IPM ON FOOD
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[IM ON ESTATE CROPS IN MALAYSIA 33
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IMPLEI MENTATION Cost Objectives IP
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HPM ON ESTATE CROPS IN MALAYSIA 37
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IPM ON ESTATE CROPS IN MALAYSIA 39
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HPM ON ESTATE CROPS IN MALAYSIA 4 1
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4.4 PESTICIDE MANAGEMENT AND IPM IN
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46 PESTCIDE MANAGEMENT AND IPM INSO
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Table 1continued Variety Maturity N
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50 PESTICIDE MANAGEMENT AND IPM IN
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52 PESCIDE MANAGEMENT AND 1PM IN SO
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54 PESTICIDE MANAGEMENTI AND IPM IN
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56 PES'IiCIDE MANAGIEMI/N'I AND 1PM
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5X iILPI1CiDI: NANA;I-\II AND 1PM I
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6G PESI1CIDE MANAGEMENT AND 1PM INS
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02 PI:SICIDIANAGIME-T AND I, INSOUI
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64 PESTiCIDE MANAGEMENT AND IPM INS
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THE ROLE OF INSECTICIDES IN RICE IP
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ROLE OF INSE-TICIDES INRICE IPM SYS
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ROLE OF INSETICIDES INRICE I1'M SYS
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FEASIBILITY OF USING LOCALLY PRODUC
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USE OFB 1"J CONTROL IROPICAL INSECr
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USE OF BI TO CONTROL'TROPICAL INSEC
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USE OF Bt TO CONrOIROLTOPICAL INS E
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USE OF B TO CONTROL'IROPICAL INSECT
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84 PFS'I1CID MANAGEMFN'I AND IPM IN
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90 PI:S'ICIDE MANAGI'ENTIIN AND HPM
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92 PI-iCIDE ,MANAGEMENTr AND IPM IN
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DEVELOPMENT OF ACTION CONTROL THRES
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DEVELOPMflr r OF ACTION CONTROL TIR
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DEVEOPMENr OF ACTION CONTROL TIRESI
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DEVE.OPMENT OF ACTION CONTROLmTIIRE
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ECONOMICS OF INTEGRATED PEST CONTRO
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Increase innet return (S/ho) 30 25
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Table 3. Possible negative impact o
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ECONOMICS OFIPC IN RICE IN SOUTIIlE
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ECONOMICS OF IPC IN RICE INSOUTIEAS
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114 PSTICIDE MANAGENTIr AND IPM IN
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116 PES11CIDE MANAGEMENT AND IPM IN
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118 PFSTICIDE MANAGEMENT AND IPM IN
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122 PESCIDE MANAGEMENT AND IPM INSO
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124 PESTICIDE MANAGIEN-" AND nPM IN
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126 PEI1CIDE MANAGIMENT AND IPM IN
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BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF CORN STALK BO
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BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OFCORN STALK BOR
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CROP PROTECTION AND 1PM IN RAINFED
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IPM IN RAINFED CROPPING SYSTEMS INN
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IPM IN RAINI:ED CROI iNC; SYSTE'IMS
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IPM IN RAINFED CROPPING SYSIEMS IN
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1PM IN RAINFIED CROPIPING SYS'I.IS
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I 4b IIk%1CII)E - MANAGIIj.NTI ANt)
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148 PE3SIICtDEMANAGEMENI' AND IPM I
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150 PFSTICII)E MANAG'MENTI" AND IIM
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152 PESllCIDE MANAGEMENT AND IPM IN
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154 PESTICIDE MANAGEMFNT AND IPM IN
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AN APPROACH TO INTEGRATED PEST MANA
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IPM AI'I V'IIlE.S OF TI tE PlIIAI'P
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no.&% 60 50 40 1PM ACTIVrI1S OF "I'
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IM ACI'IV1IS OF1TI III 111.1 11NI t
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1PM ACT'IVrIIES O: TIlE II/P1 IILII
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IPM ACI'IVrll-S OF TI I 11 II.PlNE-
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ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION OF IPM: THE
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ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION OF 1PM 171 W
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ECONOMIC JIS'IFICATION OF PIIM173 W
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IPM ACTIVITIES IN SUGARCANE IN THAI
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HPM ACHIVITIES INSUGARCANI INTIIAIL
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Table 2. Comparison of investment c
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IPM ACTIVITIES IN COCONUT IN SOUTHE
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)M A(:I'IV'IIB.S INC(X:()N1S 183 co
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IPM ACI'VITIES IN COCONUTS 185 year
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PEST MANAGEMENT ON OIL PALM IN MALA
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IPEST MANAGEF.N'rON OI IPALM IhNMAL
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PI TFMANAGIEMI-\I'ON O11. IAIM INMA
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PEST MANAGEMENT ON COCOA IN MALAYSI
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PI'ST MANAGLMI .N'I' ON C(XXOA INMA
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IIST M,',ANAGEMpI'r ON COCO,', INMA
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P.ST MANAG!,MlNI" ON CCXTO)A IN MAA
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PEST MANAGEMENT ON COCOA IN MALAYSI
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PES' MANAGEMIN ON COCOA INMALAYSIA
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206 I'ES'ICIDI MANA(IMFIT AND IPMIN
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208 PESTICIDE MANAGI-2.MENT AND HPM
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210 PFS'I1CIDE MANAG[12EN' AND IPM
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21 - 1CIDI- MANAGI.MI-NT AND IPM IN
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Table 2. Effect of different insect
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Table 3. Comparative economics of d
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220 IP'FCID:IMANAGMENT AND HPM IN S
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222 PFuS'IICIDE MANAGFMI'NT' AND IP
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224 PESTICIDE MANAGIEMEN'I' AND 1PM
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2 26 I'S'lCII)EIIMANAGFMI'NT"AND IP
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228 PESTICIDE MANAGENENT AND IPM IN
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230 P.STICIDE MANAGEMIN I'AND IM IN
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232 IESTICIDE MANAGEMENT AND fPM IN
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234 PESTICIDIF MIANAGI:.EN' AND 1PM
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236 I. S'EI1CI1)- MANAGtMI/NT' AND
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I 0 af VV4' ~ . f). IC AI ~ 1U 8 '8
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240 PES'I1CIDE MANAGFMEN'"I' AND IP
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242 tl-S'(ll.E MANAGIMI-NI AND IPM
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244 PESTICIDE MANAGEMI-Nt' AND IPM
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APPENDIX I continued__ Pest 1.6 Zig
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APPENDIX I continued Pest 3. Rats (
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APPENDIX I continued Pest Sampling
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252 PE."ST'IICIDI- MANAGEMI-ENT AND
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254 PESICIDE MANAGFMAENT AND [PM IN
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OVERVIEW OF PESTICIDE RESISTANCE PR
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PISICIDE R3SISTANCE PROILEMS INSOU1
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PII'S'IICIDI" RESISTAN(J- IROBI.I[M
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lI.S'I1CIDEi RFSISIANCI- IIROIII.I'
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Insect Rice insect pcst Nilaparvata
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APPENDIX I continued Insect Insect
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271 Pt-5ICIDI- MANA(;I\I-' AN) 1PM
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272 7 cb2ol:\1ANA { \I:\ AND PM IN
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274 PESICDE MANAG-MENT AND 11M IN S
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276 Pt:S'ICIDF MANAGI-I' AND IIM IN
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PESTICIDE RESISTANCE PROBLEMS N. Si
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Percent Control Figure 1. Trend of
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1'ESTICIDE RISISTANCE PROBLEMS IN T
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PESTICIDE RESISTANCE IN THE PHILIPP
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PSTICIDE RESISTANCE IN TIME PHILIPP
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PESTICIDE RESISTANCE INTIlE PHILIPP
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292 PE'STICIDE MANAGMitwr AND IPM I
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294 PESTICIDE MANAGEmr[ ENT AND IM
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PESTICIDE RESISTANCE: THE REALITIES
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PFESlICIDE RIEISTANCE: TILE REALIES
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HEALTH HAZARDS DUE TO THE USE OF PE
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IEALTH LAZARDS OF PESIfCIDE USE INI
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IEALTII IhAZARDS OF PESTICIDE USE I
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IIEALIII HAZARDS OFPESrICIDE USE IN
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HEALTH HIAZARDS OF PESICIDE USE IN
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314 PFSTICIDE MANAGEMENr AND IPM IN
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318 PESTICIDJE MANAGIB-ENT AND IPM
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PESTICIDE POISONING STUDIES AND DAT
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IEST1CIDE POISONING INTI1AILAND 323
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PESTICIDE POISONING: IMPROVING AND
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PESTICIDE POISONING IN SOUTiIEASTAS
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PE.STICIDE POISONING IN SOUhIIIEAST
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332 PfS'I1CID. MANAG6EMI'NTF AND I1
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334 PESICIDF .MANAGFR\WF.NT AND IPM
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336 P'ST:I1DIE MANAGF.MI N'IAND IPM
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338 PrsI1CID MANAGEI\WEN-r AND IPM
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340 III MANAGIPMNM' ANI 1PM IN SOUI
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PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN THAILAND N. T
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PF;TICl)I:B RI'NIID I S iN I'IIJAIL
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PI-STICIDF RESIDUES IN TIIAILAND 3-
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35(0 PIS'ICIIE MANA(;IINI AND IPM I
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352 PESTICIDE MANAGEIEN'Ir AND HPM
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354 PESTICIDE MANAGEMEN' AND IPM IN
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356( I'FUsTICII).. MANAGt~I-MENT AN
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358 PIESTICIDF MANAG:M'NT AND IM IN
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360 PFTP0CIDE MANAGMMENF AND HPM IN
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362 PFS'l1CJDF MANAGEMINT AND 1PM I
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364 PFS11CIDIMANAGI.MI:N'F AND IPM
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366 PFPSTICtDF IANAGLME1.N-r AND IP
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PESTICIDE RESIDUE TRIALS IN RICE IN
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t'ESI('IDiE RIsIRtIIS IN INt)NI SIA
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PESTICIDE RESIDUE CONTROL AND MONIT
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PMtI1CIDE RESIDUE CONTROL AND MoNrr
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Table 2 continued Crop and pesticid
Page 367 and 368: PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN FOOD AND THE
Page 369 and 370: PES'I1CIDE RFSIDUES INfI-OD AND TIE
Page 371 and 372: PESTICIDF RESIDUES INFOOD ANDTIIE E
Page 373 and 374: PIS'IICIDI:RI-SIDLt.S INIOODANDTIIE
Page 375 and 376: PES1ICIDF RESIDUES INFOOD AND1IILEE
Page 377 and 378: PESICIDE RFSIDUFS INFOOD AND TIIEEN
Page 379 and 380: WHAT DO PESTICIDE RESIDUE LEVELS IN
Page 381 and 382: PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN 11EIENVIRONME
Page 383 and 384: PESTICIDE RESIDUES INTIIlE EN VIRON
Page 385 and 386: I S11CID[E RSI I)UES INTIl E NVIRON
Page 387 and 388: MANUAL ON THE USE OF PESTICIDES UND
Page 389 and 390: USE OF PESTICIDES UNDEI.HI)ANK-FINA
Page 391 and 392: USE OF PESTICIDES UNDER BANK-FINANC
Page 393 and 394: APPENDIX I continued USE OF PES'ICI
Page 395 and 396: A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE OCCUPATI
Page 397 and 398: Table 1. Operator exposure (ml spra
Page 399 and 400: OCCUPATIONAL FIDPOSURE OF SPRAY WOR
Page 401 and 402: OCCUPATIONAT. TEIPOSI IRE OF SIRAY
Page 403 and 404: Dl-t-r 4 26t filtercaftirdme cast O
Page 405 and 406: 418 PESI1CIDE MANAGIEMENr AND IPM I
Page 407 and 408: 420 PESTCIDE MANAGFMENI"r AND IPM I
Page 409 and 410: DESTRUCTION OF PESTICIDES AND CHEMI
Page 411 and 412: DE9IRUCtION OF PESTICIDE AND CIIEMI
Page 413 and 414: DISI'RtCI'ION 01 I[.SIICII)I" AND C
Page 415 and 416: DIgi'RLCI'ION O II'I1fCIDI)I ANI) C
Page 417: DESIRUCTION O1 PESTICIDE AND C1 IEM
Page 421 and 422: LOOKING FOR'I11AILAND'S LOVE CANAL"
Page 423 and 424: PESTICIDE PROBLEMS AND INDONESIAN N
Page 425 and 426: PFSTICIDE PROBLEMS AND NGO ACI'IVIT
Page 427 and 428: 4412 I)I'I(CII)F MANA( I-I' AN) 1PM
Page 429 and 430: 444 Pt':S-c'iI[E M\IANAGMI'.11 .V A
Page 431 and 432: 446 IPESTICIDtE MANAGEIENT AND I'M
Page 433 and 434: Table 1. Training program on the sa
Page 435 and 436: PESTICIDE SAFE USE TRAINING PROGRAM
Page 437 and 438: PESTICII)E SAFE USE TRAINING PROGRA
Page 439 and 440: I-STICIDt SA-E USTRAIN1NG PROGRAMS
Page 441 and 442: TRAINING THE TRAINER BY INDUSTRY E.
Page 443 and 444: TRAIN-THE-TRAINER PROGRAMS IN THAIL
Page 445 and 446: TRAIN-TIlE-TRAINER PROGRAMS IN TIIA
Page 447 and 448: PESTICIDE SAFETY TRAINING PROGRAMS
Page 449 and 450: DURATION 45-60 min. 60-90 min. 120
Page 451 and 452: PIESTICIDIE SAI.IY '[RAINING PROGRA
Page 453 and 454: 470 IPESTICIDL: MANAGFMI:NI' AND HP
Page 455 and 456: 472 PFIS1CIDF NANA(;ILMI.N'F AND HP
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