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PEST ,ANAGEMIENT OF OH.LPALM IN INDONESIA 209 trichlorfon was also effective against Setora nitens in Malaysia. In the early years after release of the oil palm pollinating weevil, Elacidobius kamarunicus, Thuricide, and some growth regulator insecticides were recommended for LEC control since they were harmless to the weevil. Selectivity is also achieved by adapting some measures like spot spraying, improved timing, new application methods, etc. Trunk injection with undiluted monocrotophos formulation against Setora nitens and 17iosea asigna gave satisfactory results, particularly in small and sporadic infestations, tall trees and when accessibility to an area was low (Hutauruk & Sipayung 1978). By adapting the above-mentioned measures, pesticide consumption in PTP- VI (one of the major oil palm companies in Indonesia) was reduced by 29% from 1978 to 1982 (Djamin 1983). Obviously, under good management, insecticide use in "traditional" oil palm areas (North Sumatra) is still profitable. However, it does not mean that the same results will be obtained in newly-developed oil palm areas. NIE"WLY-DEIVELOPED AREAS Under the Government's present development plan, about 65% of new oil palm plantings will be in newly-developed areas outside North Sumatra, the 'traditional" area for oil palms. As far as climate is concerned, this area is favorable for insect development. In a recent survey conducted in four newly-developed areas, it was found that oil palm LECs occurred at about the same levels as in North Sumatra. They were not causing serious losses. However, there were more natural enemies found (Sipayung et al. 1987). As one important component in IPM, they will play a vital role in oil palm pest management in newly-developed areas. Some important natural enemies like Cantheconideasp and Spinariaspinator are being studied for possible release in North Sumatra. CONCLUSIONS With the vast expansion of oil palm cultivation to other islands, there is a strong need to have a sound and widely applicable crop protection system. The abundance of potential natural enemies, which proved very important in the control of oil palm pests during the pre-World War II period, should be strongly considered when drawing up a national oil palm crop protection policy. The existing natural enemies should be conserved and augmented. Except for their presence and percentage of parasitization, not much is known about these natural enemies. More information is needed before they can be used effectively. LITERATURE CITED Dammerman, K.W. 1929. The Agricultural Zoology of the Malay Archipelago. T.-. de Bussy Ltd., Amsterdam. 473 pp. De Jong, A.W.K. 1925. Reports from AVROS Research Station (In Dutch). Med. Algem. Proefsta. AVROS Aigem. Serie 22:1-30.
210 PFS'I1CIDE MANAG[12EN' AND IPM IN SOUIlIEAST ASIA Desmier de Chcnon, R. 1982. Field guide for oil palm pests and plantation sanitary protection (unptblishcd). Djamin, A. 1974. Acrial spraying of oil palm pests (In Indonesian with English summary). Bull. BPPM 5(4):155-161. jai,, A. 1983. Pesticide man'nient in plantations in North Sumatra. Regional Syrmp. on Plantation Env. 6-8 June, 1983. Medan. Djamin, A. and Sipaytng, A. 1986. Early population detection and attack, map1lping of oil palin leaf-caling pests. (In Indonesian with Erglish sunmmary). Pre-print "Scientific Mecting of Estate Crops Entomology", Medan. (ionggrijp, N. 1930. Preliiniary remSlts of investigation on the control of caterpillar pests in oil palm. (In Dutch). Med. Algem. Proefsta. AVROS Algcin. Scrie 48:1-30. Ilutauruk, C. and Sipaytng, A. 1978. Development of trunk injection of systemic insecticides against Setora nitens and liosea asignaon oil palm in North Sumatra. Proc. Pl.Prot. Con f. Kuala Lumpur, pp. 265-278. Kalshoven, L.G.E. 1950/1951. Do Plagen van der Cultuurgewassen in Indoncsie. Vol. I & II. N.V. Uitgeverij W. van Hoeve. 'S-Gravenhage/ Bandung, 1065 pp. Lubis, A .U. 1985. The ups and downs of the oil palm industry in Indonesia before the Vorld War II till the third Five Year Plan. (In Indonesian with English sunmary). Pre-print "Oil Palm Symposium". PPM. ,\langoendi hard.o, S. 1986. Conservation and augmentation of oil palm pests iattiral enemies. Paper on "Technical Meeting of Estate Crop Protection". (InIndonesian with English scuimary). Mcdan, 21-22 January, 1986. PPM. I nrha, !.. and Dillon, H.S. 1985. Consolidation of estate company maniiage ncut to face challenge ol national development. (In Indonesian). Preprint 'Oil Palili Symposiu''. PPM. Sipayung, A., Desmier de Chenon, R., Djamin, A. 1987. Distribution of oil IMpn important 1auna in some newly developed area. (In Indonesian with English sunnary). Bull. I"PN' (in press). Syed, R.A. and Shah, S. 1976. Some important aspects of Insect Pest na geminent in oil palm estates in Sabah, Malaysia, Int'l. Agric. Oil Palm Conf. Kuala Lunmpr, 14 pp. Wood, B.J. 1971. Development of integrated control programs for pests of tropical perennial crops in Malaysia. In Biological Control. C.B. Huffaker (cd.), pp. 422-451. New York:Plenum.
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Pesticide Managemen and Integrated
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Correct citation: P. S.Teng and K.,
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IPM DEVELOPMENT Crop protection and
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A comparative study on the occupati
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PREFACE The Southeast Asi-n region
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FUTURE NEEDS FOR PESTICIDE MANAGEME
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FUIURE NEEDS FOR PESTICIDE MANAGEME
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FUTURE NEEDS FOR P'STICIDE ,MANAGEM
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FUTURE NEEDS FOR PESTICIDE MANAGEME
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1UI'RE NEEDS FOR PIESTICIDF MA NAGI
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1:1-FURT: NEED'I)S FOR PF.SII1)" MA
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14 PI-S'IlCIDE MANAGIEMENT AND 1PM
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16 Il-'IICIDE MANA(C;I-N'I AND IPM
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18 PF1STnCIDF MANAGEMENT AND IPM 1:
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OVERVIEW OF IPM INFRASTRUCTURE AND
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Table 2. List of some of the major
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IPM ON ESTATE CROPS ININDONTSIA 25
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2. IMPLEMENTATION PHASE IPM ON FOOD
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[IM ON ESTATE CROPS IN MALAYSIA 33
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IMPLEI MENTATION Cost Objectives IP
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HPM ON ESTATE CROPS IN MALAYSIA 37
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IPM ON ESTATE CROPS IN MALAYSIA 39
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HPM ON ESTATE CROPS IN MALAYSIA 4 1
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4.4 PESTICIDE MANAGEMENT AND IPM IN
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46 PESTCIDE MANAGEMENT AND IPM INSO
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Table 1continued Variety Maturity N
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50 PESTICIDE MANAGEMENT AND IPM IN
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52 PESCIDE MANAGEMENT AND 1PM IN SO
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54 PESTICIDE MANAGEMENTI AND IPM IN
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56 PES'IiCIDE MANAGIEMI/N'I AND 1PM
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5X iILPI1CiDI: NANA;I-\II AND 1PM I
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6G PESI1CIDE MANAGEMENT AND 1PM INS
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02 PI:SICIDIANAGIME-T AND I, INSOUI
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64 PESTiCIDE MANAGEMENT AND IPM INS
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THE ROLE OF INSECTICIDES IN RICE IP
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ROLE OF INSE-TICIDES INRICE IPM SYS
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ROLE OF INSETICIDES INRICE I1'M SYS
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FEASIBILITY OF USING LOCALLY PRODUC
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USE OFB 1"J CONTROL IROPICAL INSECr
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USE OF BI TO CONTROL'TROPICAL INSEC
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USE OF Bt TO CONrOIROLTOPICAL INS E
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USE OF B TO CONTROL'IROPICAL INSECT
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84 PFS'I1CID MANAGEMFN'I AND IPM IN
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90 PI:S'ICIDE MANAGI'ENTIIN AND HPM
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92 PI-iCIDE ,MANAGEMENTr AND IPM IN
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DEVELOPMENT OF ACTION CONTROL THRES
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DEVELOPMflr r OF ACTION CONTROL TIR
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DEVEOPMENr OF ACTION CONTROL TIRESI
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DEVE.OPMENT OF ACTION CONTROLmTIIRE
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ECONOMICS OF INTEGRATED PEST CONTRO
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Increase innet return (S/ho) 30 25
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Table 3. Possible negative impact o
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ECONOMICS OFIPC IN RICE IN SOUTIIlE
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ECONOMICS OF IPC IN RICE INSOUTIEAS
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114 PSTICIDE MANAGENTIr AND IPM IN
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116 PES11CIDE MANAGEMENT AND IPM IN
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118 PFSTICIDE MANAGEMENT AND IPM IN
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Page 125 and 126:
122 PESCIDE MANAGEMENT AND IPM INSO
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124 PESTICIDE MANAGIEN-" AND nPM IN
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126 PEI1CIDE MANAGIMENT AND IPM IN
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BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF CORN STALK BO
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BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OFCORN STALK BOR
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CROP PROTECTION AND 1PM IN RAINFED
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IPM IN RAINFED CROPPING SYSTEMS INN
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IPM IN RAINI:ED CROI iNC; SYSTE'IMS
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IPM IN RAINFED CROPPING SYSIEMS IN
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1PM IN RAINFIED CROPIPING SYS'I.IS
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I 4b IIk%1CII)E - MANAGIIj.NTI ANt)
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148 PE3SIICtDEMANAGEMENI' AND IPM I
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150 PFSTICII)E MANAG'MENTI" AND IIM
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152 PESllCIDE MANAGEMENT AND IPM IN
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154 PESTICIDE MANAGEMFNT AND IPM IN
Page 157 and 158: AN APPROACH TO INTEGRATED PEST MANA
Page 159 and 160: IPM AI'I V'IIlE.S OF TI tE PlIIAI'P
Page 161 and 162: no.&% 60 50 40 1PM ACTIVrI1S OF "I'
Page 163 and 164: IM ACI'IV1IS OF1TI III 111.1 11NI t
Page 165 and 166: 1PM ACT'IVrIIES O: TIlE II/P1 IILII
Page 167 and 168: IPM ACI'IVrll-S OF TI I 11 II.PlNE-
Page 169 and 170: ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION OF IPM: THE
Page 171 and 172: ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION OF 1PM 171 W
Page 173 and 174: ECONOMIC JIS'IFICATION OF PIIM173 W
Page 175 and 176: IPM ACTIVITIES IN SUGARCANE IN THAI
Page 177 and 178: HPM ACHIVITIES INSUGARCANI INTIIAIL
Page 179 and 180: Table 2. Comparison of investment c
Page 181 and 182: IPM ACTIVITIES IN COCONUT IN SOUTHE
Page 183 and 184: )M A(:I'IV'IIB.S INC(X:()N1S 183 co
Page 185 and 186: IPM ACI'VITIES IN COCONUTS 185 year
Page 187 and 188: PEST MANAGEMENT ON OIL PALM IN MALA
Page 189 and 190: IPEST MANAGEF.N'rON OI IPALM IhNMAL
Page 191 and 192: PI TFMANAGIEMI-\I'ON O11. IAIM INMA
Page 193 and 194: PEST MANAGEMENT ON COCOA IN MALAYSI
Page 195 and 196: PI'ST MANAGLMI .N'I' ON C(XXOA INMA
Page 197 and 198: IIST M,',ANAGEMpI'r ON COCO,', INMA
Page 199 and 200: P.ST MANAG!,MlNI" ON CCXTO)A IN MAA
Page 201 and 202: PEST MANAGEMENT ON COCOA IN MALAYSI
Page 203 and 204: PES' MANAGEMIN ON COCOA INMALAYSIA
Page 205 and 206: 206 I'ES'ICIDI MANA(IMFIT AND IPMIN
Page 207: 208 PESTICIDE MANAGI-2.MENT AND HPM
Page 211 and 212: 212 PESTICIDE MANAGEMENT AND IPM IN
Page 213 and 214: 21 - 1CIDI- MANAGI.MI-NT AND IPM IN
Page 215 and 216: Table 2. Effect of different insect
Page 217 and 218: Table 3. Comparative economics of d
Page 219 and 220: 220 IP'FCID:IMANAGMENT AND HPM IN S
Page 221 and 222: 222 PFuS'IICIDE MANAGFMI'NT' AND IP
Page 223 and 224: 224 PESTICIDE MANAGIEMEN'I' AND 1PM
Page 225 and 226: 2 26 I'S'lCII)EIIMANAGFMI'NT"AND IP
Page 227 and 228: 228 PESTICIDE MANAGENENT AND IPM IN
Page 229 and 230: 230 P.STICIDE MANAGEMIN I'AND IM IN
Page 231 and 232: 232 IESTICIDE MANAGEMENT AND fPM IN
Page 233 and 234: 234 PESTICIDIF MIANAGI:.EN' AND 1PM
Page 235 and 236: 236 I. S'EI1CI1)- MANAGtMI/NT' AND
Page 237 and 238: I 0 af VV4' ~ . f). IC AI ~ 1U 8 '8
Page 239 and 240: 240 PES'I1CIDE MANAGFMEN'"I' AND IP
Page 241 and 242: 242 tl-S'(ll.E MANAGIMI-NI AND IPM
Page 243 and 244: 244 PESTICIDE MANAGEMI-Nt' AND IPM
Page 245 and 246: APPENDIX I continued__ Pest 1.6 Zig
Page 247 and 248: APPENDIX I continued Pest 3. Rats (
Page 249 and 250: APPENDIX I continued Pest Sampling
Page 251 and 252: 252 PE."ST'IICIDI- MANAGEMI-ENT AND
Page 253 and 254: 254 PESICIDE MANAGFMAENT AND [PM IN
Page 255 and 256: OVERVIEW OF PESTICIDE RESISTANCE PR
Page 257 and 258: PISICIDE R3SISTANCE PROILEMS INSOU1
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PII'S'IICIDI" RESISTAN(J- IROBI.I[M
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lI.S'I1CIDEi RFSISIANCI- IIROIII.I'
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Insect Rice insect pcst Nilaparvata
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APPENDIX I continued Insect Insect
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271 Pt-5ICIDI- MANA(;I\I-' AN) 1PM
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272 7 cb2ol:\1ANA { \I:\ AND PM IN
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274 PESICDE MANAG-MENT AND 11M IN S
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276 Pt:S'ICIDF MANAGI-I' AND IIM IN
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PESTICIDE RESISTANCE PROBLEMS N. Si
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Percent Control Figure 1. Trend of
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1'ESTICIDE RISISTANCE PROBLEMS IN T
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PESTICIDE RESISTANCE IN THE PHILIPP
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PSTICIDE RESISTANCE IN TIME PHILIPP
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PESTICIDE RESISTANCE INTIlE PHILIPP
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292 PE'STICIDE MANAGMitwr AND IPM I
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294 PESTICIDE MANAGEmr[ ENT AND IM
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PESTICIDE RESISTANCE: THE REALITIES
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PFESlICIDE RIEISTANCE: TILE REALIES
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HEALTH HAZARDS DUE TO THE USE OF PE
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IEALTH LAZARDS OF PESIfCIDE USE INI
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IEALTII IhAZARDS OF PESTICIDE USE I
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IIEALIII HAZARDS OFPESrICIDE USE IN
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HEALTH HIAZARDS OF PESICIDE USE IN
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Page 307 and 308:
314 PFSTICIDE MANAGEMENr AND IPM IN
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Page 311 and 312:
318 PESTICIDJE MANAGIB-ENT AND IPM
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PESTICIDE POISONING STUDIES AND DAT
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IEST1CIDE POISONING INTI1AILAND 323
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PESTICIDE POISONING: IMPROVING AND
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PESTICIDE POISONING IN SOUTiIEASTAS
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PE.STICIDE POISONING IN SOUhIIIEAST
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332 PfS'I1CID. MANAG6EMI'NTF AND I1
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334 PESICIDF .MANAGFR\WF.NT AND IPM
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336 P'ST:I1DIE MANAGF.MI N'IAND IPM
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338 PrsI1CID MANAGEI\WEN-r AND IPM
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340 III MANAGIPMNM' ANI 1PM IN SOUI
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PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN THAILAND N. T
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PF;TICl)I:B RI'NIID I S iN I'IIJAIL
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PI-STICIDF RESIDUES IN TIIAILAND 3-
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35(0 PIS'ICIIE MANA(;IINI AND IPM I
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352 PESTICIDE MANAGEIEN'Ir AND HPM
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354 PESTICIDE MANAGEMEN' AND IPM IN
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356( I'FUsTICII).. MANAGt~I-MENT AN
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358 PIESTICIDF MANAG:M'NT AND IM IN
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360 PFTP0CIDE MANAGMMENF AND HPM IN
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362 PFS'l1CJDF MANAGEMINT AND 1PM I
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364 PFS11CIDIMANAGI.MI:N'F AND IPM
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366 PFPSTICtDF IANAGLME1.N-r AND IP
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PESTICIDE RESIDUE TRIALS IN RICE IN
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t'ESI('IDiE RIsIRtIIS IN INt)NI SIA
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PESTICIDE RESIDUE CONTROL AND MONIT
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PMtI1CIDE RESIDUE CONTROL AND MoNrr
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Table 2 continued Crop and pesticid
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PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN FOOD AND THE
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PES'I1CIDE RFSIDUES INfI-OD AND TIE
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PESTICIDF RESIDUES INFOOD ANDTIIE E
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PIS'IICIDI:RI-SIDLt.S INIOODANDTIIE
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PES1ICIDF RESIDUES INFOOD AND1IILEE
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PESICIDE RFSIDUFS INFOOD AND TIIEEN
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WHAT DO PESTICIDE RESIDUE LEVELS IN
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PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN 11EIENVIRONME
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PESTICIDE RESIDUES INTIIlE EN VIRON
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I S11CID[E RSI I)UES INTIl E NVIRON
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MANUAL ON THE USE OF PESTICIDES UND
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USE OF PESTICIDES UNDEI.HI)ANK-FINA
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USE OF PESTICIDES UNDER BANK-FINANC
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APPENDIX I continued USE OF PES'ICI
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A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE OCCUPATI
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Table 1. Operator exposure (ml spra
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OCCUPATIONAL FIDPOSURE OF SPRAY WOR
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OCCUPATIONAT. TEIPOSI IRE OF SIRAY
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Dl-t-r 4 26t filtercaftirdme cast O
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418 PESI1CIDE MANAGIEMENr AND IPM I
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420 PESTCIDE MANAGFMENI"r AND IPM I
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DESTRUCTION OF PESTICIDES AND CHEMI
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DE9IRUCtION OF PESTICIDE AND CIIEMI
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DISI'RtCI'ION 01 I[.SIICII)I" AND C
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DIgi'RLCI'ION O II'I1fCIDI)I ANI) C
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DESIRUCTION O1 PESTICIDE AND C1 IEM
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LOOKING FOR THAILAND'S "LOVE CANAL"
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LOOKING FOR'I11AILAND'S LOVE CANAL"
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PESTICIDE PROBLEMS AND INDONESIAN N
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PFSTICIDE PROBLEMS AND NGO ACI'IVIT
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4412 I)I'I(CII)F MANA( I-I' AN) 1PM
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444 Pt':S-c'iI[E M\IANAGMI'.11 .V A
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446 IPESTICIDtE MANAGEIENT AND I'M
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Table 1. Training program on the sa
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PESTICIDE SAFE USE TRAINING PROGRAM
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PESTICII)E SAFE USE TRAINING PROGRA
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I-STICIDt SA-E USTRAIN1NG PROGRAMS
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TRAINING THE TRAINER BY INDUSTRY E.
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TRAIN-THE-TRAINER PROGRAMS IN THAIL
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TRAIN-TIlE-TRAINER PROGRAMS IN TIIA
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PESTICIDE SAFETY TRAINING PROGRAMS
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DURATION 45-60 min. 60-90 min. 120
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PIESTICIDIE SAI.IY '[RAINING PROGRA
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470 IPESTICIDL: MANAGFMI:NI' AND HP
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472 PFIS1CIDF NANA(;ILMI.N'F AND HP
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