and Integrated Pest Management - part - usaid

400 PI'tS'IICII)I.;
MANAGIL\IEN1r AND IPM INSOUTIIEAST ASIA
biok-gical, cultural, and mechanical means of control have been introduced,
progress has been slow in their implementation in farmers' fields and at present
such means are not considered viable. Consequently, the use of chemical
pesticides will continue to be the most convenient and accepted form of pest
control for tile forcseeable future.
Pesticide usage among DMCs has increased annually at an average
for
of
the
10%
past five years and is expected to continue at this rate. In
DMC,-studied,
the eight
the total pesticide market for 1984 was US'566 million.
Insecticides accounted for 58% of dhe market, followed by hcrb;",des at 34%,
fungicides at 7%, and nematicides and rodenticides at 1%. The
insecticides
bulk of the
are used on rice, cotton, and vegetables, while herbicides are mainly
used on rubber, oil pahn, and tea plantations. Fungicides are used for control of
diseases of vegetables and fruit.
With this increased use of pesticides has come an awareness of potential
hazards and the need for regulation. From the early 1970s to 1980, nearly
Bank's
all the
DMCs promulgated legislation governing the registration and use of
pesticides. International organizations responded with guidelines and codes of
practice.
The study by staff consultants, covering the laws, regulations, and
registration procedures in selected DMCs, revealed a wide gap
written
between
law
the
and the adequacy of actual procedures and their implementation.
Although laws conform to existing international guidelines, in practice
interpretation
the
of the legislation and its implementation differ widely, ranging
from very sophisticated systems to a total absence of regulation.
A number of international agencies, including the World Bank (IBRD), Food
and Agriculture Organization (FAO), World Health Organization (WI-O),
United
and
Nations Environment Program (UNEP), have developed guidelines to
assist governments in the safe use of pesticides. The importance
guidelines
of these
as general references has been broadly accepted. However,
DMC
many
officials have expressed a desire for more specific and practical guidelines
relevant to the variable and often unique - titions of the countries involved.
On the basis of their findings - antL. . ?d increased use of pesticides, lack
of cffective alternatives to pest control, a wide gap between written regulations
and their implementation, variation in the registration and regulatory
from
schemes
one country to another, and the deficiencies of available guidelines - - the
consultants recommended the preparation of a technical manual on the use
pesticides
of
under Bank-financed projects. The consultants also recommended
in addition to
that
coverage of those countries reviewed in their study (as country
profiles), coverage should include other DMCs - India; Burma; the People's
Republic of China; the Republic of Korea; Papua New Guinea; Fiji; Western
Samoa; and Taipei, China.
TIlE MANUAL
The resultant Manual consists of three parts:
Part I Technical Resource Materials
Part II Country Profiles