and Integrated Pest Management - part - usaid

124 PESTICIDE MANAGIEN-" AND nPM IN SOUTIEAST ASIA
At the first meeting of the International Organization for Biological
Control, South and East Asia Regional Section (IOBC/SEARS) held in Kuala
Lumpur in 1982, member countries were requested and urged to prepare a
comprehensive review on biological control in their respective countries, but
until today tie information has not been forthcoming.
Other references to biological control in terms of the occurrence and record
ol natural enemies of crop pests in Southeast Asia are those of Ghosh (1940) and
Napompeth (1980) for Burma; van de Laan (1981) for Indonesia; Nickel (1979)
for Kampuchea; Ooi et al. (1979) and Yunus & Subramaniam (1975) for
Malaysia; Baltazar (1963,1980) for the Philippines; Napompeth
(1965,1966,!082) for Thailand; and Ho Khac Tin (1982) and Napompeth
(1983,1984,1986) for Vietnam. No substantial literature and information are
available for Brunei, Laos, and Singapore.
SOUT!IEAST ASIA AS A SOURCE OF BIOLOGICAL
CONTROL AGENTS
An extensive review of the Southeast Asian region as a source of biological
control agents was made by Rao et al. (1971) covering Indonesia and the
Philippines. Similar reviews covering Malaysia and Thailand were those of Ooi
et al. (1979) and Napompeth (1982), respectively. Literature on other Southeast
Asian countries as sources of biological control agents are not adequately
available.
A eulophid Pediobiusparvalus(Ferriere) introduced from Indonesia resulted
in a complete control of the coconut leaf miner Proinecotheca coeruleipennis
Blanchard in Fiji and New Hebrides. An encyrtid Anagyrus aegyptiacusMoursi,
introduced from Indonesia to Egypt for the control of Pseudococcusfilamentosus
(Cockerell), and Maconellicoccus hirsums (Green) gave satisfactory control
together wth the introduction of Anagyrus kamali Moursi, Leptomastix
phenacocci Compere, Achrysophagus sp., and Scymnus conformis Jordan.
Telenomus ben'ficiensZehnt., introduced from Indonesia to Taiwan, became the
most important parasite of the sugarcane top borer Scirpophaganivella (F.) (Rao
etal. 1971).
A tachinid Betta remota Aldrich, introduced from Malaysia, has successfully
controlled !',e small coconut leaf moth Levuna iridescens Bethune & Baker in
Fiji. A eulophid, Eretnocerusserius Silvestri, was also introduced to Cuba, and
gave successful control of the citrus black fly Aleurocanthus woglumi Ashby in
Cuba and other Caribbean Islands. Other natural enemies introduced from
Malaysia which resulted in successful biological control were Scelio pembertoni
Timberlake, for the control of the grasshopper Oxya japonica (Thunberg) in
Hawaii; and Tetrastichus brontispae (Ferrierc) for the control of the coconut
hispid BrontispamarianaSpacth in Saipan and Rota Islands (Ooi ct al. 1979).
The import and export of biological control agents in the Philiprines during
1850-1960 have been reviewed by Baltazar (1963, 1980). Puilus sp. and
Scymnus binotulatus Boheman were introduced to Hawaii for the control of the
sugarcane mealybug Saccharicoccussacchari(Cockerell), and gave very beneficial
results whil,. Anagyrus saccharicolaTimberlake gave substantial control. The