and Integrated Pest Management - part - usaid

170 PES'I1CIDE MANAGEMENT AND 1PM INSOUTI LEAST ASIA
introduction to extension,
" Control strategies are developed through on-fann experiments and tested in
the farmers' fields, and
" In addition to the conventional pest management disciplines (e.g.,
entomology), particular attention is also devoted to breeding for resistance,
cultivation techniques and chemical residue analysis.
In this paper, four typical projects, selected from Ohe GTZ's on-going
projects, will be compared and analyzed in terms of their economic efficiency.
THE ECONOMIC INIPACT
The economics of projects designed to promote IPM will be analyzed at
three levels: that of the target group (represented by smallholders), that of the
project executing agency, and that of the economy as a whole.
The Farmers
From the farmer's point of view, the main question is whether or not the
use of IPM will boost his income. An increase in income will stem either from
the reduction of crop damage or from reduced expenditure on pesticides; a
combination of the two is also possible. Furthermore, field surveys (Waibel
1986) have revealed that a reduction in pesticide use can even improve the yield
per unit of area in the case of rice and soybean.
Taking the average for the four projects analyzed, a 10% reduction in
expenditure on pest management produces an increase of USS60-115 in the total
gross margin ner farm. The gross margin per ha can rise by between 3% and
30% (Table 1). Pesearch evidence, however, shows that farmers will adopt new
technologies if an increase in income of at least 30% is achieved (Zandstra et al.
1981). On-farm research in Germany has shown that IPM technology increases
gross margins by 5.5% and reduces cost of pesticides by 30% (Zeddies et al.
1986).
Table 1. Impact of IPM technology on average farm household in US$ (Daxl & Schubert
1986, Doppler ct al. 1986, Grosse-Ruschkamp etal. 1985, Waibel 1986).'
Philippines Thailand Nicaragua Cape Verde
Additional
gross margin /ha 61 12 12 19 dry land
825 irrigated
Increase in% 9-21 3-30 4-15 30-50
Additional
income/farm 152 69 6) 148
a Philippines: maize, cotton, paddy. Estimate based on farm trials; Thailand: paddy, soya.
On-farm trials; Nicaragua: maize, beans, soya. 10% reduction of pesticide use. Official
agricultural statistics; Cape Verde: Maize, beans, vegetables. Estimate based on field trials.