and Integrated Pest Management - part - usaid

128 PESTICIDE MANAGEMENT AND IPM INSOtlEAsr ASIA
successful and permanent control. In other cases, however, it must be realized
that more effort must be taken to exploit biological control agents in the overall
IPM program. Initial attempts such as exploration to find natural enemies of
key pests like lleliothis spp. (Napompeth 1985) and others must be undertaken
so that biological control will be substantially used in existing IPM programs.
Finally, it should also be realized that biological control research and
development will bc of no value unless there is a parallel attempt to minimize
the misuse and improper use of pesticides in the region. It is only then that the
"better", if not "ideal", IPM program in Southeast Asian countries will become a
practical reality.
CONCLUDING REMARKS
Biological control research and development in Southeast Asia has been
quite satisfactory, with successes being seen for a few insect pests. However,
this research and development needs further effort, especially when biological
control is to be considered a major component of IPM systems. With the highly
pesticide-addicted IPM practice being adopted in Southeast Asian countries, there
is also a need to concentrate on the safe and effective use of pesticides and on
other pesticide management practices so that the antagonistic nature of biological
and chemical controls can be minimized.
LITERATURE, CITED
Baltazar, C.R. 1963. Import and export of biological ontrol agents in
Philippines. Phil. Jour. Agric. 28(1-2):1-30.
Baltazar, C.R. 1980. Some agricultural pests and their parasitic wasps. Second
Professorial Lecture Notes. UPLB, College, Laguna, Philippines. 11 pp
(mimeographed).
Clausen, C.P., Clancy, D.W., and Chock, Q.C. 1965. Biological control of
the Oriental fruit fly (Dacus dorsalis Hendel) and other fruit flies in Hawaii.
Tech. Bull. 1322. USDA, Washington, D.C. 102 pp.
Ghosh, C.C. 1940. Insect pests of Burma. Superintendent of Government
Printing & Stationery, Rangoon, Burma. 216 pp.
Ilo Khac Tin. 1982. Giao trinh cong trung nong nghiep. Tap II. Nha Xuat
Ban Nong Nghicp, Hanoi. 225 pp. (Control of insect pests of agriculture, in
Vietnamese).
Mau, R.F.L., Murai, K., Kumashiro, B., Teramoto, K. 1980. Biological
control of the banana skipper Pelopidas thrax (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera:
Hesperiidae) in Hawaii. Proc. Hawaiian Entomol. Soc. 23(2):231-237.
Muniappan, R. 1980. Personal communication.
Napompeth, B. 1965. Entomology in Thailand up to 1964. Tech. Bull. Dept.
of Entomology, Kasetsart Univ., Bangkok. 46 pp (mimeographed).
Napompeth, B. 1966. Insect pests of field crops in Thailand. Tech. Bull. No.
12. Dept. of Entomology, Kasetsart Univ., Bangkok. 48 pp.
Napompeth, B. 1980. Report on insect pests and their incidence in Burma.
Agriculture Div., ESCAP, UN. Bangkok. 16 pp.