UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT

UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT
Illustrations
Chapter 1: A world in search of an effective growth strategy
Table 1.1: World trends in population and GDP..................................................................................................................................................................................... 25
Table 1.2: World shares of expenditure on R&D, 2007, 2009, 2011 and 2013 .................................................................................................................. 26
Table 1.3: World shares of researchers, 2007, 2009, 2011 and 2013 ....................................................................................................................................... 32
Table 1.4: World shares of scientific publications, 2008 and 2014 ........................................................................................................................................... 36
Table 1.5: Patents submitted to USPTO, 2008 and 2013 ................................................................................................................................................................. 38
Table 1.6: Internet users per 100 population, 2008 and 2013 ..................................................................................................................................................... 43
Figure 1.1: GERD financed by government as a share of GDP, 2005–2013 (%) ................................................................................................................. 28
Figure 1.2: GERD performed by business enterprises as a share of GDP, 2005–2013 (%) ......................................................................................... 29
Figure 1.3: Mutually reinforcing effect of strong government investment in R&D and researchers, 2010–2011 .................................... 31
Figure 1.4: Long-term growth of tertiary-level international students worldwide, 1975–2013 ........................................................................... 34
Figure 1.5: Trends in scientific publications worldwide, 2008 and 2014 ............................................................................................................................... 37
Figure 1.6: Trends in triadic patents worldwide, 2002, 2007 and 2012 .................................................................................................................................. 39
Figure 1.7: World shares of GDP, GERD, and publications for the G20, 2009 and 2013 (%) ..................................................................................... 40
Chapter 2: Tracking trends in innovation and mobility
Box 2.1: European companies rate countries’ attractiveness for relocating their R&D ......................................................................................... 63
Box 2.2: Innovation in the BRICS ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 71
Table 2.1: Sectorial distribution of knowledge-related FDI projects, 2003–2014 ......................................................................................................... 65
Table 2.2: Highly important sources of information for firms ..................................................................................................................................................... 72
Table 2.3: Partners with which firms co-operate in innovation .................................................................................................................................................. 73
Figure 2.1: Trends in business R&D, 2001–2011 ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 58
Figure 2.2: Types of innovator around the world ................................................................................................................................................................................... 61
Figure 2.3: Innovation rate of firms in the BRICS ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 62
Figure 2.4: Most attractive countries for business R&D according to EU firms, 2014 ................................................................................................... 63
Figure 2.5: Trend in number of projects in the FDI database, 2003–2014............................................................................................................................. 64
Figure 2.6: Trends in knowledge-related FDI projects, 2003–2014 ........................................................................................................................................... 66
Figure 2.7: Firms with in-house or external R&D among surveyed countries .................................................................................................................... 70
Figure 2.8: Profile of the type of innovation done by firms in BRICS countries ................................................................................................................ 71
Figure 2.9: Firms’ linkages with universities and related institutions ...................................................................................................................................... 74
Figure 2.10: Outbound mobility ratio among doctoral students, 2000 and 2013 ............................................................................................................. 76
Figure 2.11: Distribution of international students, 2012 .................................................................................................................................................................... 77
Figure 2.12: Preferred destinations of international doctoral students in science and engineering fields, 2012 ....................................... 78
Figure 2.13: Main clusters of international student mobility, 2012 .............................................................................................................................................. 80
Figure 2.14: Percentage of national citizens with a doctorate who lived abroad in the past ten years, 2009 .............................................. 81
Figure 2.15: Percentage of foreign doctorate-holders in selected countries, 2009 .......................................................................................................... 81
Chapter 3: Is the gender gap narrowing in science and engineering?
Box 3.1: Explore the data.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 100
Box 3.2: The CGIAR: advancing the careers of women in global research.................................................................................................................... 101
Table 3.1: Female researchers by field of science, 2013 or closest year (%)....................................................................................................................... 87
Table 3.2: Share of female tertiary graduates in four selected fields, 2013 or closest year (%)............................................................................ 92
Figure 3.1: The leaky pipeline: share of women in higher education and research, 2013 (%)................................................................................ 86
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