UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT

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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT The danger is that, in the race to improve national competitiveness, countries may lose sight of the old adage that ‘without basic science, there would be no science to apply’. Basic research generates the new knowledge that gives rise to applications, commercial or otherwise. As the author of the chapter on Canada puts it (Chapter 4), ‘science powers commerce – but not only.’ The question is: what is the optimal balance between basic and applied research? The Chinese leadership has become dissatisfied with the return on its wider investment in R&D. At the same time, China has opted to devote just 4–6% of research expenditure to basic research over the past decade. In India, universities perform just 4% of GERD. Although India has created an impressive number of universities in recent years, industry has complained about the ‘employability’ of science and engineering graduates. Basic research not only generates new knowledge; it also contributes to the quality of university education. In the USA, the federal government specializes in supporting basic research, leaving industry to take the lead in applied research and technological development. There is a risk that the current austerity drive, combined with changing priorities, may affect the USA’s long-term capacity to generate new knowledge. Meanwhile, the USA’s northern neighbour is cutting back on federal funding of government science but investing in venture capital, in order to develop business innovation and woo new trading partners. In January 2013, the Canadian government announced its Venture Capital Action Plan, a strategy for deploying CAN$ 400 million in new capital over the next 7–10 years to leverage private sectorled investment in the form of venture capital funds. The Russian Federation has traditionally devoted a large share of GERD to basic research (like South Africa: 24% in 2010). Since the government adopted an innovation-led growth strategy in 2012, a greater share of its appropriation for R&D has been oriented towards the needs of industry. Since funding is finite, this readjustment has occurred to the detriment of basic research, which dropped from 26% to 17% of the total between 2008 and 2013. The EU has made the opposite calculation. Despite the chronic debt crisis, the European Commission has maintained its commit-ment to basic research. The European Research Council (est. 2007), the first pan-European funding body for frontier research in basic sciences, has been endowed with € 13.1 billion for the period 2014–2020, equivalent to 17% of Horizon 2020’s overall budget. The Republic of Korea increased its own commitment to basic research from 13% to 18% of GERD between 2001 and 2011 and Malaysia has followed a similar path (from 11% in 2006 to 17% in 2011). These two countries now devote a comparable share to that of the USA: 16.5% in 2012. In the Republic of Korea, the government is investing heavily in basic research to correct the impression that the country made the transition from a poor agricultural country to an industrial giant through imitation alone, without developing an endogenous capacity in basic sciences. The government also plans to foster linkages between basic sciences and the business world: in 2011, the National Institute for Basic Science opened on the site of the future International Science Business Belt in Daejeon. The gap in R&D expenditure is narrowing Geographically, the distribution of investment in knowledge remains unequal (Table 1.2). The USA still dominates, with 28% of global investment in R&D. China has moved into second place (20%), ahead of the EU (19%) and Japan (10%). The rest of the world represents 67% of the global population but just 23% of global investment in R&D. GERD encompasses both public and private investment in R&D. The share of GERD performed by the business enterprise sector (BERD) tends to be higher in economies with a greater focus on technology-based competitiveness in manufacturing, as reflected in their higher BERD/GDP ratio (Chapter 2). Among the larger economies for which adequate data are available, the BERD/GDP intensity has risen appreciably in only a few countries such as the Republic of Korea and China and, to a lesser extent, in Germany, the USA, Turkey and Poland (Figure 1.2). At best, it has remained stable in Japan and the UK and receded in Canada and South Africa. Given the fact that almost one in five human beings is Chinese, the rapid progression in BERD in China has had a knock-on effect of massive proportions: between 2001 and 2011, China and India’s combined global share of BERD quadrupled from 5% to 20%, largely to the detriment of Western Europe and North America (see Figure 2.1). Figure 1.3 highlights the continuing concentration of R&D resources in a handful of highly developed or dynamic economies. Several of these advanced economies fall in the middle of the figure (Canada and UK), reflecting their similar density of researchers with the leaders (such as Germany or the USA), yet lower levels of R&D intensity. The R&D or human capital intensities of Brazil, China, India and Turkey might still be low but their contribution to the global stock of knowledge is rapidly rising, thanks to the sheer size of their financial investment in R&D. 30
A world in search of an effective growth strategy Figure 1.3: Mutually reinforcing effect of strong government investment in R&D and researchers, 2010–2011 The size of the bubbles is proportionate to GERD funded by business as a share of GDP (%) 8 000 Chapter 1 Finland 7 000 Denmark Singapore 6 000 Luxembourg Korea, Rep. 5 000 Japan Norway Sweden Researchers (FTE) per million inhabitants 4 000 3 000 Slovakia Portugal Canada Slovenia UK Germany Belgium France New Zealand Netherlands Estonia Ireland Russian Fed. Czech Republic Lithuania Spain USA Austria Hungary 2 000 1 000 Kazakhstan Latvia Poland Italy Malta Bulgaria Malaysia Argentina Costa Rica Ukraine Serbia Turkey Romania China Brazil Uruguay 0 Colombia Kuwait Mexico South Africa 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics, August 2015 GERD funded from non-business sources as a share of GDP (%) 31
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Towards 2030
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Table S6: Total researchers and res
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Table S7: Researchers by field of s
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Table S7: Researchers by field of s
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Table S8: Scientific publications b
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Table S9: Publications by major fie
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Table S10: Scientific publications
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Page 818:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Data obtained
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT

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