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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Figure 17.3: GDP per economic sector in the Figure Arab world, 27.6: Women 2013 or researchers closest year (HC) in Southeast Asia, Selected economies 2012 or closest year (%) Head counts Algeria 10.5 41.9 47.6 Egypt 14.5 46.3 15.6 39.2 Jordan Lebanon 3.4 7.2 66.9 19.4 29.7 73.1 8.6 19.8 Mauritania Morocco 15.5 16.6 43.0 4.1 41.5 54.9 15.4 28.5 West Bank and Gaza Saudi Arabia 1.8 5.3 69.6 16.2 25.1 37.6 10.1 60.6 Sudan 28.1 50.2 8.2 21.7 Tunisia 8.6 61.4 17.0 30.0 United Arab Emirates 0.7 40.3 8.5 59.0 Agriculture Services Manufacturing as a subset of industry Industry Note: For the West Bank and Gaza, data are for 2012. Palestine is designated as the West Bank and Gaza here, due to data coverage issues. Source: World Bank’s World Development Indicators, January 2015 Figure 17.4: FDI inflow to selected Arab economies as a share of GDP, 2006–2013 (%) 15 15.75 15.32 12.27 10 9.42 9.34 5 0 5.87 5.77 5.75 5.14 4.97 Lebanon 6.83 Jordan 5.34 Sudan 3.27 4.86 Morocco 3.24 4.29 Bahrain 3.01 3.75 UAE 2.61 Tunisia 2.25 Syria 3.07 Egypt 2.04 1.98 Oman 2.04 1.57 Arab world 1.70 Saudi Arabia 1.24 0.59 0.38 Iraq 1.24 0.12 Kuwait 1.05 West Bank Algeria 0.80 & Gaza 1.59 Qatar -0.41 Yemen -0.37 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Source: World Bank’s World Development Indicators, January 2015 436
The Arab States n Oil, gas and petrochemicals industries; n New materials; n Electronics; n Information technologies; n Space sciences: applications in navigation systems, meteorology, irrigation, environmental monitoring, forest management, disaster risk management, urban planning, etc.; n Nanotechnology: applications in health and pharmaceuticsal fields, food industry, environment, desalination, energy production, etc.; n Agriculture, livestock and fisheries; n Industry and production; n Desertification, climate change and its impact on agriculture; n Health sciences and biotechnology; n Future convergent technologies: bioinformatics, nanobiotechnology, etc. The strategy also emphasizes public outreach by scientists 5 and greater investment in higher education and training to build a critical mass of experts and staunch brain drain. It also advocates involving scientists from the diaspora. It was originally due to be adopted by ministers in 2011 but the timetable was perturbed by the events of 2011. Priorities: problem-solving research, scientific mobility and education In September 2013, ministers of research met in Morocco to lay the foundations for a common research policy between the five countries of the Maghreb and five countries of the Western Mediterranean: France, Italy, Malta, Portugal and Spain. These ten countries have met regularly since 1990 to discuss a wide range of issues, from security and economic co-operation to defence, migration, education and renewable energy but this was the first time that the 5+5 Dialogue, as 5. Tunisia’s first dinosaur exhibition opened at Tunis Science City in mid-2011, with a focus on Saharan dinosaurs. The exhibition, which had taken two years to prepare, was originally scheduled to run until August 2012. It proved so popular that it was extended to mid-2013. Box 17.2: Matching university curricula to market needs The Network for the Expansion of Convergent Technologies in the Arab Region (NECTAR) was launched by the UNESCO Cairo Office in June 2011 to help correct the mismatch between the skills companies seek and the programmes provided by most universities. Biotechnology, nanotechnology, ICTs and cognitive sciences are all convergent technologies which overlap considerably. By developing linkages between academia and industry in these fields, NECTAR plans to reorient academia towards problem-solving and remove the barriers between disciplines that currently hinder innovation in the Arab world. A top priority for NECTAR has been to modernize the curricula of the Arab region’s universities, in collaboration with renowned Arab scientists based at universities in the USA and in Egypt, where the majority of specialists in convergent technologies can be found in the Arab region. NECTAR targets both universities and technical colleges, as technicians are the group which gives convergent technologies their manufacturing edge. The original plan was for professors from the USA to travel to Cairo to teach intensive courses (3-4 weeks maximum) every year. After the Arab Spring, Cairo and other key cities came to be considered a security risk, so the programme morphed into a virtual education programme. The e-content has been developed by Pennsylvania State University (PSU) and should be ready by August 2015. The courses will be permanently accessible via PSU’s portal, with tutoring support on hand from the professors who own the courses. This approach will guarantee continuity and greater equity for Arab universities in terms of access to the coursework. NECTAR has developed a virtual Higher Industrial Diploma Certificate and a master’s degree in Applications of Nano-sciences. Initially, both programmes will be used to train university teaching staff (mainly PhDholders). These staff members will then serve as the core team for the development of an undergraduate minor programme in nanosciences at each university. The tuition fees have been greatly reduced to encompass only PSU’s costs in administering the programme. The diploma certificate will be accredited by PSU, whereas the master’s programme will be accredited through participating universities in the Arab world. There should be strong demand for NECTAR graduates from industries such as pharmaceuticals, chemicals, petrochemicals, oil production, optoelectronics, electronics, information technology, fertilizers, surface coating, building technology, foodstuffs and automotive. NECTAR organized a regional forum in Cairo in November 2014 on the theme of Galvanizing Science Education and Higher Education towards a Knowledgebased Economy. Since the forum, UNESCO has submitted a proposal to the Egyptian government for a pilot education programme which would stretch from the first year of primary school to postgraduate levels. Source: Nazar Hassan, UNESCO Chapter 17 437
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Towards 2030
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Published in 2015 by the United Nat
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Report team Director of the Publica
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT A closer look
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Foreword Irina Bokova, Director-Gen
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Table S3: R&D expenditure as a shar
Page 782 and 783:
Table S3: R&D expenditure as a shar
Page 784 and 785:
Table S4: Public expenditure on ter
Page 786 and 787:
Table S5: Tertiary graduates in 200
Page 788 and 789:
Page 790 and 791:
Page 792 and 793:
Table S6: Total researchers and res
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Page 796 and 797:
Page 798 and 799:
Table S7: Researchers by field of s
Page 800 and 801:
Table S7: Researchers by field of s
Page 802 and 803:
Table S8: Scientific publications b
Page 804 and 805:
Table S9: Publications by major fie
Page 806 and 807:
Page 808 and 809:
Page 810 and 811:
Table S10: Scientific publications
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Page 818:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Data obtained
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT

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