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Figure 7.4: Trends in higher education in Latin America, 1996–2013 Eleven countries devote more than 1% of GDP to higher education Expenditure on higher education as a share of GDP, 2013 or closest year (%) 4.47 4.47% Share of GDP spent on higher education by Cuba, the highest in the region 0.29% Share of GDP spent on higher education by El Salvador, the lowest in the region 1.61 1.55 1.43 Cuba -3 1.19 1.14 1.11 1.11 1.08 1.04 1.02 0.96 0.93 0.87 Bolivia -1 Argentina -1 +n/-n = data refer to n years before or after reference year Venezuela -4 Costa Rica Uruguay -2 Nicaragua -3 Ecuador -1 Paraguay -1 Honduras Brazil -1 Chile -1 Mexico -2 Colombia Panama -1 Peru 0.74 0.55 0.35 0.29 Guatemala El Salvador -2 The great majority of first-degree graduates in Latin America study social sciences Distribution of bachelor’s degrees by field of study, 1996–2012 (%) 60 55.84 50 51.77 40 Social sciences Engineering & technology Medical sciences Humanities Natural & exact sciences Agricultural sciences Unassigned 30 23.16 20 14.04 15.33 14.00 10 6.45 4.24 5.66 3.92 2.87 0.00 2.50 0 0.21 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 182
Brazil has the most PhD graduates per million inhabitants in Latin America PhD graduates per million inhabitants, 2012 Countries outside Latin America are given for comparison 333 299 277 255 240 201 176 Latin America 23 556 Number of doctorates awarded in Latin America and the Caribbean in 2012 Germany Australia The share of PhD graduates in natural sciences has not recovered since this indicator plunged a decade ago Distribution of PhDs in Latin America by field of study,1996–2012 (%) 50 Portugal Czech Rep. 39 36 Korea, Rep. Israel Canada China South Africa 70 60 44 42 Brazil Cuba Argentina Mexico 31 Chile Peru 25 25 Paraguay Costa Rica Uruguay 16 16 13 8 5 4 2 1 1 Panama El Salvador Colombia Guatemala Honduras Ecuador Venezuela 48.06 40 38.07 Social sciences & humanities Natural & exact sciences 30 33.86 Engineering & technology Medical sciences Agricultural sciences Unassigned 20 14.75 11.86 13.34 10 10.95 10.20 5.87 10.19 0 0.00 3.80 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Students head for Western Europe and North America more than other Latin American countries, with the exception of those from Bolivia, Nicaragua, Paraguay and Uruguay Number of Latin American university students living abroad, 2013 27 793 19 621 Destination: Latin America Destination: North America & Western Europe 24 632 132 814 Number of Latin American university students heading to Western Europe or North America in 2013 Chapter 7 1 674 Argentina 5 221 5 812 3 236 Bolivia 2 170 Brazil 1 596 Chile 6 493 4 152 Colombia Costa Rica 290 1 749 347 1 395 380 3 930 2 717 Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador 7 934 El Salvador 1 084 1 915 Guatemala 954 1 755 Honduras 1 241 2 060 1 278 Mexico Nicaragua Source: For higher education spending and students living abroad: <strong>UNESCO</strong> Institute for Statistics: for graduates; RICYT database, July 2015; for PhD students per million inhabitants, estimations based on data from the <strong>UNESCO</strong> Institute for Statistics and United Nations Statistics Division 1 733 750 Panama 812 1 612 Paraguay 1 774 1 052 3 158 Peru 10 288 Uruguay 1 321 998 1 053 Venezuela 10 380 183
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Towards 2030
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Published in 2015 by the United Nat
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Report team Director of the Publica
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT A closer look
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Table 25.1. S
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Foreword Irina Bokova, Director-Gen
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT 2016 Internat
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A more developmental approach to sc
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT in the contex
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Science for a sustainable and just
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT provides a ne
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT 2016 20 18
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Figure UNESCO 2.1: SCIENCE Trends i
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Science powers commerce - but not o
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The future looks brighter for busin
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