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Figure 4.5: Scientific publication trends in Canada, 2005–2014 1.25 Average citation rate for Canadian publications, 2008–2012; the OECD average is 1.08 YUKON TERRITORY BRITISH COLUMBIA NORTHWEST TERRITORIES NUNAVUT 50.4% Share of Canadian papers with a foreign co-author, 2008–2014; the OECD average is 29.4% NEWFOUNDLAND ALBERTA SASKATCHEWAN MANITOBA QUEBEC PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND Canadian publications grew by 21% between 2005 and 2010 but the pace since slowed 60 000 50 000 40 000 30 000 39 879 42 648 43 917 46 829 48 713 49 728 51 508 51 459 54 632 ONTARIO 54 631 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 NEW BRUNSWICK NOVA SCOTIA 13.1% Share of Canadian papers among 10% most-cited, 2008–2012; the OECD average is 11.2%; Canada specializes in medical sciences Cumulative totals by field, 2008–2014 71 279 98 633 1 538 Publications per million inhabitants in 2014 23 543 35 071 29 776 24 908 8 988 5 430 8 546 10 956 4 365 4 505 3 314 Agriculture Astronomy Biological sciences Chemistry Computer science Engineering Geosciences Mathematics Medical sciences Other life sciences Physics Psychology Social sciences Note: Totals exclude unclassified articles. Canada publishes most with US partners Main foreign partners, 2008–2014 (number of papers) 1st collaborator 2nd collaborator 3rd collaborator 4th collaborator 5th collaborator Canada USA (85 069) UK (25 879) China (19 522) Germany (19 244) France (18 956) Source: Thomson Reuters’ Web of Science, Science Citation Index Expanded, data treatment by Science–Metrix 114
Canada POLICY ISSUES IN PUBLIC INTEREST <strong>SCIENCE</strong> funded by the Department of Fisheries and Oceans (PIPSC, 2014). See Figure 4.6 and Table 4.3. Budget cuts: a threat to Canada’s global knowledge brand? Canada’s global knowledge brand is at risk. Government science and federal scientists have become a target for cuts. This has led to a first-ever mobilization of different interests to parry this troubling trend. The budget cuts are partly a consequence of the government’s austerity budget but they also reflect an ideological bent that is predisposed to downsizing the public service. In an unprecedented series of documented public cases, the Canadian government has been accused of eroding support for public good science and even of muzzling its own scientists (Turner, 2013). The Professional Institute of the Public Service of Canada (PIPSC) has catalogued the concerns of government scientists through two surveys. The first of these drew over 4 000 responses (PIPSC, 2013). It found that that nearly three out of every four federal scientists (74%) surveyed believed the sharing of scientific findings had become too restricted in the past five years; nearly the same number (71%) believed political interference had compromised Canada’s ability to develop policy, law and programmes based on scientific evidence. According to the survey, nearly half (48%) were aware of actual cases in which their department or agency had suppressed information, leading to incomplete, inaccurate or misleading impressions by the public, industry and/or other government officials. The second survey 7 (PIPSC, 2014) argued that continued cuts within government science would further affect the government’s ability to develop and implement evidencebased policies. Vanishing Science: the Disappearance of Canadian Public Interest Science observed that, ‘between 2008 and 2013, a total of CAN$ 596 million (in constant 2007 dollars) has been cut from science and technology budgets at federal science-based departments and agencies and 2 141 full-time equivalent (FTE) positions have been eliminated’ (PIPSC, 2014). The report stated that these cuts ‘have resulted in the loss of whole programmes, including the Environment Canadafunded National Roundtable on the Environment and the Economy – for 25 years the leading federal advisory panel on sustainable development –, the Hazardous Materials Information Review Commission and the Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Sciences, as well as the Ocean Contaminants and Marine Toxicology Program’ 7. Invitations to participate in the online survey of federal scientists were sent to 15 398 PIPSC members – scientists, researchers and engineers – engaged in scientific work in over 40 federal departments and agencies. Of these, 4 069 (26%) responded (PIPSC, 2014). The report opined that ‘the worst is yet to come. Between 2013 and 2016, a combined CAN$ 2.6 billion will be cut from 10 federal science-based departments and agencies 8 alone, including a projected 5 064 FTE positions’ (PIPSC, 2014). According to the <strong>UNESCO</strong> Institute for Statistics, 9 490 FTE researchers were employed in the government sector in 2010 and a further 57 510 in the university sector. The report expressed concern that a recent shift in budget priorities towards greater support for commercial ventures would be detrimental to basic science and public interest science. It cited a slated ‘decrease in internal S&T funding 9 of CAN$ 162 million in 2013–2014, much of which is devoted to public health, public safety and the environment, compared to a CAN$ 68 million increase in support for commercial ventures’ (PIPSC, 2014). The authors cited a public opinion poll by Environics in November 2013, in which 73% of respondents felt that the top priority for government scientific activity should be the protection of public health, safety and the environment (PIPSC, 2014). The survey also reflected federal scientists’ concerns that new departmental policies on intellectual property and obtaining permission to publish, as well as restrictive policies on travel to international conferences, were compromising Canada’s international scientific collaboration (PIPSC, 2014). Indeed, a recent report assessing the media policies of federal science departments had this to say (Magnuson-Ford and Gibbs, 2014): n Media policies in Canadian federal science departments were graded for openness of communication, protection against political interference, rights to free speech and protection for whistleblowers. Overwhelmingly, current policies do not support open communication between federal scientists and the media. n Government media policies do not support open and timely communication between scientists and journalists, nor do they protect scientists’ right to free speech. n Government media policies do not protect against political interference in science communication. n Over 85% of departments assessed (12 out of 14) received a grade of C or lower. 8. Agriculture Canada, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Canadian Space Agency, Environment Canada, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Health Canada, Industry Canada, National Research Council, Natural Resources Canada , Public Health Agency of Canada 9. Internal science refers in the present chapter to R&D conducted within sciencebased departments and agencies. Chapter 4 115
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Towards 2030
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Published in 2015 by the United Nat
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Report team Director of the Publica
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT A closer look
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Illustrations
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Foreword Irina Bokova, Director-Gen
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT gender implic
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT REFERENCES AA
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT 2016 732
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Annex 1: Comp
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Central Asia
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Annex 2: Glos
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT five-year age
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT 742
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Table S1: Socio-economic indicators
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Table S2: R&D expenditure by sector
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Table S3: R&D expenditure as a shar
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Table S3: R&D expenditure as a shar
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Table S4: Public expenditure on ter
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Table S5: Tertiary graduates in 200
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Table S6: Total researchers and res
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Table S7: Researchers by field of s
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Table S7: Researchers by field of s
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Table S8: Scientific publications b
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Table S9: Publications by major fie
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Table S10: Scientific publications
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Data obtained
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