UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT

Illustrations
Figure 3.2: Share of female researchers by country, 2013 or closest year (%)..................................................................................................................... 88
Figure 3.3: Share of women in selected South African institutions, 2011(%)...................................................................................................................... 90
Figure 3.4: Share of women among researchers employed in the business enterprise sector, 2013 or closest year (%).................... 96
Chapter 4: Canada
Box 4.1: Canada, China and Israel to share agro-incubator..................................................................................................................................................... 113
Box 4.2: Genomics is a growing priority for Canada..................................................................................................................................................................... 120
Box 4.3: The Canadian public has a positive attitude towards science.......................................................................................................................... 123
Table 4.1: GERD intentions in Canada by performing sector and source of funds, 2013 and 2014 (%)...................................................... 109
Table 4.2: R&D personnel in Canada by sector, 2008–2012........................................................................................................................................................ 110
Table 4.3: Canadian federal S&T spending by socio-economic objective, 2011–2013............................................................................................ 116
Table 4.4: Canada’s federal priorities for 2007 and 2014............................................................................................................................................................... 117
Table 4.5: Networks of centres of excellence in Canada by sector, 2014.......................................................................................................................... 125
Figure 4.1: GERD/GDP ratio in Canada, 2000–2013 (%).................................................................................................................................................................... 107
Figure 4.2: GERD in Canada by funding sector, 2003–2013.......................................................................................................................................................... 108
Figure 4.3: Business expenditure on R&D in Canada and other OECD countries as a share of GDP, 2013 or closest year (%)..... 109
Figure 4.4: Canada’s strengths in S&T, industrial R&D and economics................................................................................................................................. 110
Figure 4.5: Scientific publication trends in Canada, 2005–2014................................................................................................................................................ 114
Figure 4.6: Major Canadian federal science departments and agencies............................................................................................................................. 116
Figure 4.7: Canadian expenditure on energy-related industrial R&D, 2009–2012....................................................................................................... 119
Figure 4.8: Doctoral graduates in Canada and other OECD countries, 2012.................................................................................................................... 122
Figure 4.9: Spending on R&D in higher education in Canada and other OECD countries as a share of GDP, 2013 (%).................... 122
Chapter 5: United States of America
Box 5.1: The Accelerating Medicines Partnership.......................................................................................................................................................................... 134
Box 5.2: Industrial trends in the USA in life sciences.................................................................................................................................................................... 136
Box 5.3: The rise (and fall?) of patent trolls.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 146
Box 5.4: American billionaires driving more R&D........................................................................................................................................................................... 149
Chapter 1
Table 5.1: Parameters of the Accelerated Medicines Partnership, 2014............................................................................................................................ 134
Figure 5.1: GDP per capita, GDP growth and public sector deficit in the USA, 2006–2015.................................................................................... 129
Figure 5.2: GERD/GDP ratio in the USA, 2002–2013 (%).................................................................................................................................................................. 130
Figure 5.3: Distribution of GERD in the USA by source of funds, 2005–2012................................................................................................................... 130
Figure 5.4: R&D budget by US agency, 1994–2014............................................................................................................................................................................. 138
Figure 5.5: Proportional allocation of federal R&D spending in the USA by discipline, 1994–2011 (%)....................................................... 140
Figure 5.6: Science and engineering in the USA by state, 2010................................................................................................................................................. 142
Figure 5.7: Survival rate of US start-ups, 1992–2010.......................................................................................................................................................................... 143
Figure 5.8: Patents in force in the USA, 2005 and 2013.................................................................................................................................................................... 147
Figure 5.9: Triadic patents of the USA in the USPTO database, 2002–2012...................................................................................................................... 147
Figure 5.10: High-tech exports from the USA as a world share, 2008–2013 (%)............................................................................................................... 148
Figure 5.11: Scientific publication trends in the USA, 2005–2014............................................................................................................................................... 150
Chapter 6: Caricom
Box 6.1: The Tropical Medicine Research Institute: an oasis in a public policy desert......................................................................................... 167
Box 6.2: Bio-Tech R&D Institute Ltd: adding value to local medicinal plants............................................................................................................. 169
Table 6.1: Socio-economic indicators for CARICOM countries, 2014 or closest year................................................................................................ 157
Table 6.2: Overview of STI governance in CARICOM countries, 2015.................................................................................................................................. 162
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