UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT

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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT In 2009, the government adopted State Policy Priorities to Raise Energy Efficiency in the Electric Power Engineering Sector based on the Use of Renewable Energy Sources, covering the period to 2020. In 2012, it adopted Principles of the State Policy on the Ecological Development of the Russian Federation, which is valid to 2030. The problem of green growth and social progress is addressed by four Russian technology platforms: Environmentally Clean Efficient Fuel; Technologies for Ecological Development; Biotech 2030; and Bio-energy. These platforms co-ordinate the activities of industrial companies, research centres and universities to promote R&D and technology in related areas. Collectively, these measures represent only the first leg of the journey towards sustainable growth, of course. The modest investment so far in sustainable technologies can largely be explained by the business sector’s tepid interest in green growth. Empirical data show that 60–90% of Russian companies do not use advanced general-purpose and resource-saving technologies, or alternative energygenerating technologies and have no plans to do so in the near future. Only one in four (26%) innovative enterprises are producing inventions in the environmental field. Even when companies do have recourse to environmentally friendly inventions like energy-saving technologies, this gives them virtually no competitive advantage in the domestic market. Most companies are focusing their efforts on reducing environmental pollution, in order to comply with government standards. Very few are engaged in waste recycling or in substituting raw and other materials for more environmentally friendly ones. For instance, only 17% of companies use environmental pollution control systems (HSE estimates; HSE, 2015b). This state of affairs prompted the government to adopt a series of regulations in 2012–2014 which encourage usage of the best available technologies for reducing environmental waste, saving energy and upgrading technologies through a series of positive incentives (such as tax exemptions, certification and standardization) and negative ones, such as fines for environmental damage or higher energy tariffs. Scientific productivity is stagnating Scientific output has stagnated in recent years (Figure 13.2). Moreover, the average citation rate for articles (0.51) is just half the G20 average. Russian scientists publish most in physics and chemistry, reflecting traditional strengths and a certain dependence on domestic research, even though one in three articles had a foreign co-author between 2008 and 2014. Although patenting activity is relatively high and has grown by 12% since 2009 – residents filed 28 756 applications in 2013, ranking it sixth worldwide – the Russian Federation only ranks 20th worldwide for the number of applications per million inhabitants: 201. Moreover, 70% of patent applications submitted by domestic applicants contain only minor improvements to existing technologies. This suggests that the R&D sector is generally not yet ready to supply the business sector with competitive and cost-effective technologies for practical applications, or to guarantee support during the development stages of technology. Innovation largely confined to domestic market In the course of its transition to a market economy, the Russian Federation has become an attractive destination for foreign technologies. Between 2009 and 2013, the number of patent applications submitted in Russia by foreign applicants increased by 17% to 16 149 (HSE, 2015a; HSE, 2014b). Patent activity by Russian applicants grew more slowly. As a result, the coefficient of technological dependence increased: the ratio of foreign to domestic patent applications submitted in the Russian Federation went from 0.23 in 2000 to 0.56 in 2013. If we take into consideration the low patenting activity by Russian applicants abroad, this sends a negative signal to national policy-makers as to the competitiveness of domestic technologies in the global market. Less than 3% of technology transfer occurs through exports. Intellectual property titles represent only roughly 3.8% of technology exports 4 and just 1.4% of companies engaged in R&D earn revenue from exports of technology. The latter generated just US$ 0.8 billion in 2013, virtually the same as in previous years, compared to US$ 2.6 billion for Canada, US$ 5.3 billion for the Republic of Korea and US$ 120.4 billion for the USA (HSE, 2015a). The Russian Federation’s membership of the World Trade Organization since 2012 should help to boost technology transfer through exports and related revenue. TRENDS IN HUMAN RESOURCES Four in ten research personnel are support staff Although the Russian Federation ranks 49th in the latest Global Innovation Index and 30th in the sub-index for human capital development (Cornell University et al., 2014), international competition for talent is intensifying. The issue of developing skills and behavioural patterns in line with the country’s development strategy has never been more pressing in the Russian Federation. Policies introduced in recent years have addressed this urgent question. In 2013, there were 727 029 people engaged in R&D, a group encompassing researchers, technicians and support staff. Research personnel represented 1% of the labour force, or 0.5% of the total population. In absolute numbers, the Russian Federation figures among the world leaders for R&D personnel, coming only after the USA, Japan and China. However, there is 4. These official statistics are based on the balance of payments for technology. 348
Figure 13.2: Scientific publication trends in the Russian Federation, 2005–2014 Russian publications have grown fairly slowly since 2005 Selected large emerging market economies are given for comparison 60 000 50 000 India 53 733 Korea, Rep. 50 258 Publications are making a small impact 0.51 Average citation rate for Russian scientific publications, 2008–2012; the G20 average is 1.02 40 000 30 000 25 944 24 703 24 694 20 000 10 000 17 106 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Brazil 37 228 Russian Fed. 29 099 3.8% Share of Russian papers among 10% most cited papers, 2008– 2012; the G20 average is 10.2% 33.0% Share of Russian papers with foreign co-authors, 2008–2014; the G20 average is 24.6% Chapter 13 Russian scientists specialize in physics and chemistry Cumulative totals, 2008–2014 38 005 191 Number of Russian publications per million inhabitants in 2008 204 Number of Russian publications per million inhabitants in 2014 55 818 17 173 16 121 18 800 10 733 11 820 1 237 4 604 951 35 140 179 Agriculture Astronomy Biological sciences Chemistry Computer science Engineering Geosciences Mathematics Medical sciences Other life sciences Physics Psychology Social sciences Note A further 18 748 publications are unclassified. Germany and the USA are the Russian Federation’s principal partners Main foreign partners, 2008–2014 (number of papers) 1st collaborator 2nd collaborator 3rd collaborator 4th collaborator 5th collaborator Russian Fed. Germany (17 797) USA (17 189) France (10 475) UK (8 575) Italy (6 888) Source: Thomson Reuters’ Web of Science, Science Citation Index Expanded; data treatment by Science–Metrix 349
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Towards 2030
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Published in 2015 by the United Nat
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Report team Director of the Publica
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT A closer look
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Foreword Irina Bokova, Director-Gen
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A more developmental approach to sc
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Science for a sustainable and just
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Table S1: Socio-economic indicators
Page 770 and 771:
Page 772 and 773:
Page 774 and 775:
Table S2: R&D expenditure by sector
Page 776 and 777:
Page 778 and 779:
Page 780 and 781:
Table S3: R&D expenditure as a shar
Page 782 and 783:
Table S3: R&D expenditure as a shar
Page 784 and 785:
Table S4: Public expenditure on ter
Page 786 and 787:
Table S5: Tertiary graduates in 200
Page 788 and 789:
Page 790 and 791:
Page 792 and 793:
Table S6: Total researchers and res
Page 794 and 795:
Page 796 and 797:
Page 798 and 799:
Table S7: Researchers by field of s
Page 800 and 801:
Table S7: Researchers by field of s
Page 802 and 803:
Table S8: Scientific publications b
Page 804 and 805:
Table S9: Publications by major fie
Page 806 and 807:
Page 808 and 809:
Page 810 and 811:
Table S10: Scientific publications
Page 812 and 813:
Page 814 and 815:
Page 816 and 817:
Page 818:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Data obtained
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