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An important aspect of economic integration would be the transition from national innovation systems to a single regional innovation system. Erika Kraemer-Mbula and Mario Scerri A humanoid robot directs traffic at a busy intersection in Kinshasa, in the Democratic Republic of Congo. This solar-powered prototype is equipped with four cameras that allow it to record traffic. The information is then transmitted to a centre which analyses traffic infractions. This robot and its twin were designed by a group of Congolese engineers based at the Kinshasa Higher Institute of Applied Techniques (ISTA). Photo: © Junior D. Kannah/AFP/Getty Images) 534
20 . Southern Africa Angola, Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Seychelles, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe Southern Africa Erika Kraemer–Mbula and Mario Scerri INTRODUCTION Lifting trade barriers to foster regional integration The Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) is home to 33% of sub-Saharan Africa’s population and contributes about 43% of its GDP (US$ 684 billion in 2013). The region combines middle-income countries with some of the fastestgrowing economies in Africa 1 and some of the poorest. Nothing underscores the region’s diversity more than the fact that one country alone generates about 60% of GDP within the SADC and one-quarter of the continent’s GDP: South Africa. Despite this heterogeneity, there is considerable potential for regional integration, which is being increasingly driven by the Southern African Development Community (SADC). A Protocol on Trade in Services signed in 2012 seeks to negotiate progressively the removal of barriers to the free movement of services within the SADC. Intra-SADC trade is relatively modest and has not grown to any significant degree in the past five years, owing partly to the similarity of the resource-based economies across the region, a cumbersome regulatory framework and inadequate border infrastructure (AfDB, 2013). 2 Nevertheless, compared to other African regional economic communities (see Box 18.2), the SADC bloc still displays the most dynamic intraregional trade of the continent, albeit mostly directed towards South Africa. The SADC trades very little with the rest of Africa, the region’s trade being mostly oriented towards the rest of the world. On 10 June 2015, the 26 countries which make up the three regional communities of SADC, the Common Market for Southern and Eastern Africa (COMESA) and the East African Community (EAC) formally launched a Free Trade Area. This should accelerate regional integration. 3 Relative political stability The SADC region enjoys relative political stability and democratic political processes, although internal fragmentation continues to characterize the ruling political parties in most countries. For the past six years, SADC membership has remained relatively stable, 1. The Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe experienced annual average GDP growth of about 7% from 2009 to 2013 but these five countries, along with Angola, Lesotho and Malawi, are also currently listed by the United Nations as being least developed countries. 2. In 2008, intra-SADC imports constituted only 9.8% of the region’s total imports and intra-SADC exports 9.9% of SADC’s total exports. Being the most diversified economy, South Africa is also the dominant exporter (68.1% of all intra-SADC exports) but only accounted for 14.8% of intra-SADC imports in 2009. 3. For the composition of these regions, see Annex I. with the exception of Madagascar, which was suspended in 2009 following a coup d’état then reintegrated in January 2014 after its return to constitutional government. If Madagascar is now emerging from five years of political turmoil and international sanctions, the Democratic Republic of Congo is still recovering from the violence inflicted by armed groups who were neutralized by a United Nations peacekeeping force in 2013. Political tensions remain in Lesotho, Swaziland and Zimbabwe. The SADC is striving to maintain peace and security within its member states, including through the SADC tribunal, which was established in Gaborone (Botswana) in 2005 then dismantled in 2010 before being revived by a new protocol in 2014, albeit with a diminished mandate. The SADC Regional Early Warning Centre is also based in Gaborone. This centre was established in 2010 to prevent, manage and resolve conflict, in conjunction with national early warning centres. In 2014, five SADC countries held presidential elections – Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia and South Africa – Namibia being the first African country to cast presidential ballots electronically through an e-voting system. The SADC aims to attain equal representation of men and women in key decision-making positions by 2015, through the SADC Protocol on Gender and Development, which entered into force in early 2013 after being signed in 2008. However, only five SADC countries are anywhere near reaching parity in parliament, having gone above the 30% threshold set previously by regional leaders for the representation of women: Angola, Mozambique, Seychelles, South Africa and Tanzania. Of note is that President Joyce Banda of Malawi became the SADC’s first woman president in 2012. Three years later, renowned biologist Ameenah Gurib-Fakim made history by becoming Mauritius’ first woman president. Widespread poverty in two-thirds of countries The population is growing fast, at 2.5% per year on average between 2009 and 2013. By 2013, the region counted a combined population of over 294 million. Human development varies widely, from a high of 0.771 on the UNDP’s index in Mauritius to a low of 0.337 in the Democratic Republic of Congo. A promising trend is that ten countries advanced in the overall world ranking from 2008 to 2013. Madagascar, Seychelles and Swaziland, on the other hand, have slipped a few places (Table 20.1). The SADC’s aggregate economy still displays features of a developing region, with worrying unemployment levels in some countries. Poverty and inequality persist, despite Chapter 20 535
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Towards 2030
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Published in 2015 by the United Nat
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Report team Director of the Publica
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Foreword Irina Bokova, Director-Gen
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Table S7: Researchers by field of s
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Table S7: Researchers by field of s
Page 802 and 803:
Table S8: Scientific publications b
Page 804 and 805:
Table S9: Publications by major fie
Page 806 and 807:
Page 808 and 809:
Page 810 and 811:
Table S10: Scientific publications
Page 812 and 813:
Page 814 and 815:
Page 816 and 817:
Page 818:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Data obtained
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT

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