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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Table 8.1: Invention patents granted to Brazilians by USPTO, 2004–2008 and 2009–2013 No. of patents, 2004–2008 No. of patents, 2009–2013 Cumulative growth (%) Per 10 million inhabitants, 2009–2013 Global average 164 835 228 492 38.6 328 Japan 34 048 45 810 34.5 3 592 USA 86 360 110 683 28.2 3 553 Korea, Rep. 3 802 12 095 218.1 2 433 Sweden 1 561 1 702 9.0 1 802 Germany 11 000 12 523 13.8 1 535 Canada 3 451 5 169 49.8 1 499 Netherlands 1 312 1 760 34.1 1 055 UK 3 701 4 556 23.1 725 France 3 829 4 718 23.2 722 Italy 1 696 1 930 13.8 319 Spain 283 511 80.4 111 Chile 13 34 160.0 33 China 261 3 610 1 285.3 27 South Africa 111 127 14.2 25 Russian Fed. 198 303 53.1 21 Poland 15 60 313.7 16 Argentina 54 55 3.4 14 India 253 1 425 464.2 12 Brazil 108 189 74.6 10 Mexico 84 106 25.1 9 Turkey 14 42 200.0 6 Source: USPTO Figure 8.10: Relative intensity of publications versus patenting in Brazil, 2009–2013 Other countries are given for comparison. Logarithmic axes Patents granted by the USPTO per million inhabitants 1 000 100 10 India China Mexico South Africa Russian Fed. Argentina Brazil Japan Turkey USA Korea, Rep. Sweden Germany Canada Netherlands France UK Italy Spain Chile Poland 1 10 100 1 000 10 000 Publications per million inhabitants Source: for patents: USPTO; for publications: Thomson Reuters; for population: World Bank’s World Development Indicators 224
Brazil REGIONAL TRENDS STI still dominated by the State of São Paulo Brazil is a country of continental dimensions, with highly diverse levels of development across its 27 states. The southern and southeastern regions show a much higher level of industrialization and scientific development than the northern ones, some of which encroach on the Amazonian forest and river basin. The centre-west is Brazil’s agricultural and cattle-raising powerhouse and has been developing rapidly recently. The starkest example of this contrast is the southeastern State of São Paulo. Home to 22% (44 million) of the country’s 202 million inhabitants, it generates about 32% of GDP and a similar share of the nation’s industrial output. It also has a very strong state system of public research universities that is lacking in most other states and hosts the well-established São Paulo Research Foundation (Box 8.6). The State of São Paulo is responsible for 46% of GERD (public and private expenditure) and 66% of business R&D. All indicators paint the same picture. Some 41% of Brazilian PhDs were granted by universities in the State of São Paulo in 2012 and 44% of all papers with Brazilian authors have at least one author from an institution based in São Paulo. São Paulo’s scientific productivity (390 papers per million inhabitants over 2009–2013) is twice the national average (184), a differential which has been widening in recent years. The relative impact of publications by scientists from the State of São Paulo has also been systematically higher than for Brazil as a whole over the past decade (Figure 8.11). Two key factors explain São Paulo’s success in scientific output: firstly, a well-funded system of state universities, including the University of São Paulo, University of Campinas (Unicamp) and the State University of São Paulo (Figure 8.12), all of which have been included in international university rankings; 10 secondly, the role played by the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP, Box 8.6). Both the university system and FAPESP are allocated a fixed share of the state’s sales tax revenue as their annual budgets and have full autonomy as to the use they make of this revenue. Between 2006 and 2014, the share of Brazilian researchers hosted by southeastern institutions dropped steadily from 50% to 44%. Over the same period, the share of northeastern states rose from 16% to 20%. It is still too early to see the effect of these changes on scientific output, or in the number of PhD degrees being awarded but these indicators should logically also progress. Despite these positive trends, regional inequalities persist in terms of R&D expenditure, the number of research institutions and scientific productivity. Extending the scope of research projects to other states and beyond Brazil would certainly help scientists from these regions catch up to their southern neighbours. 10. In the Times Higher Education 2015 ranking of universities in BRICS and other emerging economies, the University of São Paulo came 10th, Unicamp 27th and the Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp) 97th. Among the top 100, only one other Brazilian university features, the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ, 67th). In the 2015 QS Latin America ranking, the University of São Paulo comes first, Unicamp second, UFRJ fifth and Unesp eighth. Figure 8.11: Relative impact of scientific publications from São Paulo and Brazil, 2000–2013 Brazil Sāo Paulo 0.693 0.721 0.673 0.723 0.709 0.753 0.693 0.740 0.695 0.766 0.756 0.816 0.718 0.789 0.675 0.709 0.660 0.719 0.651 0.733 0.653 0.734 0.665 0.740 0.692 0.837 0.684 0.803 Chapter 8 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Source: InCites/Thomson Reuters, October 2014 225
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Towards 2030
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Published in 2015 by the United Nat
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Report team Director of the Publica
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT A closer look
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Foreword Irina Bokova, Director-Gen
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Table S6: Total researchers and res
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Table S7: Researchers by field of s
Page 800 and 801:
Table S7: Researchers by field of s
Page 802 and 803:
Table S8: Scientific publications b
Page 804 and 805:
Table S9: Publications by major fie
Page 806 and 807:
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Page 810 and 811:
Table S10: Scientific publications
Page 812 and 813:
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Page 818:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Data obtained
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT

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