UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT

Table S3: R&D expenditure as a share of GDP and in purchasing
power parity (PPP) dollars, 2009-2013
R&D expenditure as percentage of GDP
R&D expenditure in
current PPP$ (000s)
R&D expenditure per
capita (current PPP$)
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2013 2009 2013
North America
Canada 1.92 1.84 1.79 1.72 1.63 v 25 027 663 24 565 364 v 741.5 698.2 v
United States of America 2.82 o 2.74 o 2.77 o 2.81 o,v – 406 000 000 o 453 544 000 -1,o,v 1 311.8 o 1 428.5 -1,o,v
Latin America
Argentina 0.48 0.49 0.52 0.58 – 3 418 556 5 159 124 -1 85.4 125.6 -1
Belize – – – – – – – – –
Bolivia 0.16 – – – – 78 248 – 7.8 –
Brazil 1.15 1.20 1.20 1.24 – 28 401 334 35 780 779 -1 146.8 180.1 -1
Chile 0.35 0.33 0.35 0.36 – 963 991 1 343 656 -1 56.7 76.9 -1
Colombia 0.21 0.21 0.22 0.22 0.23 973 270 1 365 135 21.2 28.3
Costa Rica 0.54 0.48 0.47 – – 287 185 285 072 -2 62.4 60.2 -2
Ecuador 0.39 0.40 0.34 – – 515 346 512 117 -2 34.9 33.6 -2
El Salvador 0.08 0.07 0.03 0.03 – 33 277 14 554 -1 5.4 2.3 -1
Guatemala 0.06 q 0.04 q 0.05 q 0.04 q – 51 110 q 47 958 -1,q 3.7 q 3.2 -1,q
Guyana – – – – – – – – –
Honduras 0.04 -5 – – – – 9 214 -5 – 1.4 -5 –
Mexico 0.43 0.45 0.42 0.43 0.50 7 008 035 9 984 730 60.2 81.6
Nicaragua 0.03 -7 – – – – 5 307 -7 – 1.0 -7 –
Panama 0.14 0.15 0.18 – – 69 339 109 671 -2 19.2 29.3 -2
Paraguay 0.05 -1 – 0.06 0.09 – 21 903 -1 41 865 -1 3.5 -1 6.3 -1
Peru 0.16 -5 – – – – 263 109 -5 – 9.6 -5 –
Suriname – – – – – – – – –
Uruguay 0.44 0.41 0.42 0.24 – 218 160 151 748 -1 64.9 44.7 -1
Venezuela – – – – – – – – –
Caribbean
Antigua and Barbuda – – – – – – – – –
Bahamas – – – – – – – – –
Barbados – – – – – – – – –
Cuba 0.61 0.61 0.27 s 0.41 s 0.47 1 199 443 582 720 -2,s 106.3 51.7 -2,s
Dominica – – – – – – – – –
Dominican Rep. – – – – – – – – –
Grenada – – – – – – – – –
Haiti – – – – – – – – –
Jamaica 0.06 -7 – – – – 8 586 -8 – 3.3 -8 –
St Kitts and Nevis – – – – – – – – –
St Lucia – – – – – – – – –
St Vincent and the Grenadines 0.12 -7 – – – – 874 -7 – 8.1 -7 –
Trinidad and Tobago 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.05 – 21 309 19 232 -1 16.1 14.4 -1
European Union
Austria 2.61 2.74 r 2.68 2.81 r 2.81 r,v 8 860 472 10 752 629 r,v 1 058.4 1 265.7 r,v
Belgium 1.97 2.05 2.15 2.24 r 2.28 v 8 044 797 10 603 427 v 740.6 954.9 v
Bulgaria 0.51 0.59 0.55 0.62 0.65 548 901 742 690 73.7 102.8
Croatia 0.84 0.74 0.75 0.75 0.81 725 389 739 806 166.8 172.5
Cyprus 0.49 0.49 0.50 0.47 0.52 v 124 114 127 783 v 113.8 112.0 v
Czech Rep. 1.30 1.34 1.56 1.79 1.91 3 660 339 5 812 939 349.1 543.2
Denmark 3.07 2.94 2.97 3.02 3.06 r,v 6 717 152 7 513 404 r,v 1 215.9 1 337.1 r,v
Estonia 1.40 1.58 2.34 2.16 1.74 376 400 592 193 288.9 460.0
Finland 3.75 3.73 3.64 3.43 3.32 7 514 757 7 175 592 1 406.2 1 322.4 r,v
France 2.21 2.18 s 2.19 2.23 2.23 v 49 757 013 55 218 177 s,v 791.2 858.9 s,v
Germany 2.73 2.72 2.80 2.88 2.85 r,v 82 822 155 100 991 319 r,v 995.7 1 220.8 r,v
Greece 0.63 r 0.60 r 0.67 0.69 0.80 2 130 452 r 2 273 861 192.0 r 204.3
Hungary 1.14 1.15 1.20 1.27 1.41 2 382 736 3 249 569 237.5 326.4
Ireland 1.63 r 1.62 r 1.53 r 1.58 r – 3 066 688 r 3 271 465 -1,r 695.3 r 714.9 -1,r
Italy 1.22 1.22 1.21 1.26 1.25 v 24 648 791 26 520 408 v 409.3 434.8 v
Latvia 0.46 0.60 0.70 0.66 0.60 165 357 271 937 78.3 132.6
Lithuania 0.84 0.79 0.91 0.91 0.96 479 801 723 289 154.7 239.7
Luxembourg 1.72 1.50 1.41 1.16 s 1.16 v 683 894 571 469 s,v 1 373.0 1 077.5 s,v
Malta 0.54 0.68 0.72 0.90 0.89 v 58 056 109 275 v 137.3 254.7 v
Netherlands 1.69 1.72 1.89 s 1.97 1.98 v 12 370 154 15 376 725 s,v 746.9 917.5 s,v
Poland 0.67 0.72 0.75 0.89 0.87 4 864 696 7 918 126 127.4 207.2
Portugal 1.58 1.53 1.46 1.37 1.36 v 4 376 952 3 942 649 v 413.7 371.7 v
Romania 0.47 0.46 0.50 s 0.49 0.39 1 487 584 1 480 720 s 67.9 68.2 s
Slovakia 0.47 0.62 0.67 0.81 0.83 592 782 1 190 627 109.3 218.5
Slovenia 1.82 2.06 2.43 s 2.58 2.59 1 019 332 1 537 841 s 498.6 742.2 s
Spain 1.35 1.35 1.32 1.27 1.24 20 554 768 19 133 196 449.2 407.7
Sweden 3.42 3.22 r 3.22 3.28 r 3.30 q 12 599 701 14 151 281 q 1 353.3 1 478.5 q
United Kingdom 1.75 r 1.69 r 1.69 1.63 r 1.63 r,v 39 432 832 r 39 858 849 r,v 639.1 r 631.3 r,v
South–East Europe
Albania 0.15 -1,q – – – – 39 832 -1,q – 12.6 -1,q –
Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.02 q – – 0.27 s 0.33 7 027 q 119 480 s 1.8 q 31.2 s
Macedonia, FYR 0.20 0.22 0.22 0.33 0.47 45 820 113 957 21.8 54.1
Montenegro 1.15 -2 – 0.41 s – 0.38 s 88 338 -2 33 218 s 143.0 -2 53.5 s
Serbia 0.87 0.74 0.72 0.91 0.73 748 598 677 967 77.2 71.3
Other Europe and West Asia
Armenia 0.29 q 0.24 q 0.27 q 0.25 q 0.24 q 53 140 q 54 826 q 17.9 q 18.4 q
Azerbaijan 0.25 0.22 0.21 0.22 0.21 332 970 341 284 37.1 36.3
Belarus 0.64 0.69 0.70 0.67 0.69 860 424 1 145 209 90.3 122.4
Georgia 0.18 -4 – – – 0.13 s,u 32 338 -4 42 214 s,u 7.2 -4 9.7 s,u
756