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Most countries have based their long-term planning (‘vision’) documents on harnessing science, technology and innovation to development. Kevin Urama, Mammo Muchie and Remy Twingiyimana A schoolboy studies at home using a book illuminated by a single electric LED lightbulb in July 2015. Customers pay for the solar panel that powers their LED lighting through regular instalments to M-Kopa, a Nairobi-based provider of solar-lighting systems. Payment is made using a mobile-phone money-transfer service. Photo: © Waldo Swiegers/Bloomberg via Getty Images 498
19 . East and Central Africa Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo (Republic of), Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Kenya, Rwanda, Somalia, South Sudan, Uganda East and Central Africa Kevin Urama, Mammo Muchie and Remy Twiringiyimana Chapter 19 INTRODUCTION Mixed economic fortunes Most of the 16 East and Central African countries covered in the present chapter are classified by the World Bank as being low-income economies. The exceptions are Cameroon, the Republic of Congo, Djibouti and the newest member, South Sudan, which joined its three neighbours in the lower middle-income category after being promoted from low-income status in 2014. Equatorial Guinea is the region’s only high-income country but this classification masks great variations in income levels; poverty is widespread and life expectancy at birth is among the region’s lowest, at 53 years (Table 19.1). All but four nations are classified as heavily indebted poor countries, the exceptions being Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Kenya and South Sudan. Poverty and high unemployment are endemic in the region. Life expectancy varies between 50 and 64 years, a strong indicator of the developmental challenges facing the region. The region’s economic fortunes have been a mixed bag since 2010. Several countries have managed to raise their GDP growth rates, or at least maintain them at 2004–2009 levels: Burundi, Chad, Comoros, Eritrea and Kenya. Two have sustained some of the highest growth rates in Africa – Cameroon and Ethiopia – and one recorded 24% growth in its first year of existence: South Sudan. Of note is that only two of these countries are oil-exporters: Chad and South Sudan. Five of the continent’s top 12 oil-producing countries are found in East and Central Africa (Figure 19.1). Economic growth is expected to slow down in Africa’s oil-exporting countries, following a slump in Brent crude prices since mid-2014, as African exporters have fewer reserves than the Gulf States to tide them over until prices recover. Analysts suggest several explanations for the current drop in value of conventional sources of oil. On the one hand, clean energy policies have fostered the development of more fuel-efficient technology, including in the automotive industry. In parallel, technological developments in hydraulic fracturing (fracking) and horizontal drilling have made it profitable to extract oil from unconventional sources, such as tight rock formations [shale oil in the USA and oil (tar) sands in Canada], deep-sea oil (most countries are now finding deposits) and biofuels (Brazil and others); high global oil prices until recently have allowed countries which invest in these technologies to take a growing share of the global oil market. This highlights the need for oil-producing African countries to invest in science and technology (S&T) to maintain their own competitiveness in the global market. Half the region is ‘fragile and conflict-affected’ Other development challenges for the region include civil strife, religious militancy and the persistence of killer diseases such as malaria and HIV, which sorely tax national health systems and economic productivity. Poor governance and corruption undermine economic activity and foreign investment in several countries. Those which score poorly in Transparency International’s Corruption Perceptions Index also tend to rank poorly in the Ibrahim Index of African Governance (Table 19.1): Burundi, Central African Republic, Chad, Republic of Congo, Eritrea, Somalia and South Sudan. Interestingly, both indices consider Rwanda as having the best governance record in East and Central Africa. Seven countries are classified as ‘fragile and conflict-affected’ by the World Bank, namely Burundi, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Eritrea, Somalia and South Sudan. In particular, the Central African Republic and South Sudan have experienced civil war in recent years. These conflicts tend to affect their neighbours as well, such as by disrupting trade flows, creating streams of cross-border refugees, or giving rise to cross-border attacks. For instance, South Sudanese have been seeking asylum in Uganda and the Boko Haram (literally, ‘books are forbidden’) sect in Nigeria has made violent incursions into neighbouring Cameroon and Niger and could threaten the trade route between Cameroon and Chad. Meanwhile, Kenya’s economy has suffered from terrorist attacks by the Somalian Al-Shabaab group which have undermined the country’s important tourist industry, in particular. In April 2015, Al-Shabaab massacred 148 students and staff at Garissa University, the only such institution in the north of the country, which had only opened in 2011. Across the border, Somalia is engaged in a fragile process of state- and peacebuilding, its economy in ruins after two decades of political instability and insecurity. In the Central African Republic, the economy has suffered considerably since late 2012 when rebel groups took control of towns in the centre and north of the country. Despite the deployment of peacekeepers from the African Union, United Nations and France and the signing of a ceasefire in July 2014, the situation remains volatile. For the first decade of the century, the country had experienced positive, albeit erratic, growth. 499
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Towards 2030
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Table S7: Researchers by field of s
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Table S7: Researchers by field of s
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Table S8: Scientific publications b
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Table S9: Publications by major fie
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Table S10: Scientific publications
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Page 818:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Data obtained
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT

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