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Figure 15.1: Scientific publication trends in Iran, 2005–2014 Strong growth in Iranian publications Countries with a similar population are given for comparison 7.4% Average share of Iranian papers among 10% most cited papers, 2008–2012; the G20 average is 10.2% 100 000 Germany 91 631 80 000 60 000 73 573 0.81% Average citation rate for Iranian scientific publications, 2008–2012; the G20 average is 1.02 40 000 20 000 Iran 25 588 Turkey 23 596 0 13 830 4 676 2 919 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Egypt 8 428 Iranians now publish most in engineering, followed by chemistry Cumulative totals, 2008–2014 27 042 19 934 22.3% Average share of Iranian papers with foreign co-authors, 2008–2014; the G20 average is 24.6% 12 751 14 661 12 322 5 731 3 993 6 322 5 460 528 432 153 324 Agriculture Astronomy Biological sciences Note: Totals exclude unclassified articles Chemistry Computer science Engineering Geosciences Mathematics Medical sciences Other life sciences Physics Psychology Social sciences The USA is Iran’s top collaborator Main foreign partners between 2008 and 2014 (number of papers) 1st collaborator 2nd collaborator 3rd collaborator 4th collaborator 5th collaborator Iran USA (6 377) Canada (3 433) UK (3 318) Germany (2 761) Malaysia (2 402) Source: Thomson Reuters’ Web of Science, Science Citation Index Expanded; data treatment by Science–Metrix 390
Iran are already strong. In 2012, one in seven international students in Malaysia was of Iranian origin (see Figure 26.9). In addition to being one of the rare countries which do not impose visas on Iranians, Malaysia is a Muslim country with a similar level of income. There were about 14 000 foreign students at Iranian universities in 2013, most of whom came from Afghanistan, Iraq, Pakistan, Syria and Turkey. The Fifth Five-Year Economic Development Plan has fixed the target of attracting 25 000 foreign students by 2015 (Tehran Times, 2013). In a speech 4 delivered at the University of Tehran in October 2014, President Rouhani recommended establishing an Englishlanguage university to attract more foreigners. Iran is collaborating on international projects via the Organization of Islamic States’ Standing Committee on Scientific and Technological Cooperation (COMSTECH). Moreover, in 2008, Iran’s Nanotechnology Initiative Council established an Econano network 5 to promote the scientific and industrial development of nanotechnology among members of the Economic Cooperation Organization (see Annex I, p. 736). Iran hosts several international research centres, including the following established within the past five years under the auspices of the United Nations: the Regional Centre for Science Park and Technology Incubator Development (<strong>UNESCO</strong>, est. 2010), the International Centre on Nanotechnology for Water Purification (UNIDO, est. 2012) and the Regional Educational and Research Centre for Oceanography for Western Asia (<strong>UNESCO</strong>, est. 2014). An economy under pressure According to Mousavian (2012), the sanctions have slowed Iran’s industrial and economic growth, considerably limited foreign investment and triggered national currency devaluation, hyperinflation, declining GDP and, last but not least, a dip in oil and gas production and exports. The sanctions have hit the private sector particularly hard, increasing the costs of finance companies and the credit risk of banks, eroding foreignexchange reserves and restricting companies’ access to foreign assets and export markets. Knowledge-based enterprises have also had limited access to high-quality equipment, research tools, raw materials and technology transfer (Fakhari et al., 2013). Two other variables have affected Iran’s economy: populist policies, which fuelled inflation, and the reform of energy and food subsidies. Some analysts argue 6 that this combination 4. President Rouhani said that ‘scientific evolution will be achieved by criticism […] and the expression of different ideas. […] Scientific progress is achieved, if we are related to the world. […] We have to have a relationship with the world, not only in foreign policy but also with regard to the economy, science and technology. […] I think it is necessary to invite foreign professors to come to Iran and our professors to go abroad and even to create an English university to be able to attract foreign students.’ 5. See : http://econano.ir 6. See, for example : http://fararu.com/fa/news/213322 did more harm to the economy than the sanctions and global financial crisis put together (see, for example, Habibi, 2013). They posit that populist policies created an anti-expert discourse, citing President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad’s decision to place the Management and Planning Organization under his direct control 7 in 2007. This venerable institution dated from 1948 and was responsible for preparing Iran’s medium- and long-term development plans and policies, along with evaluating their implementation. In January 2010, parliament introduced a reform to remove the energy subsidies which dated from the Iran–Iraq war of the 1980s. These subsidies were costing about 20% of GDP each year and had made Iran one of the most energy-intensive countries in the world. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has described the reform as ‘one of the most courageous moves to reform subsidies in an energy-exporting country’ (IMF, 2014). To cushion the impact on households, the subsidies were replaced by targeted social assistance of the equivalent of about US$ 15 per month that was extended to more than 95% of Iranians. Enterprises were also promised subsidized loans to help them adopt new, energy-saving technologies and credit lines to mitigate the impact of higher energy prices on their production (IMF, 2014). Ultimately, most of these loans have not materialized. 8 Between 2010 and 2013, inflation climbed from 10.1% to 39.3%, according to the Iranian Statistical Centre. By 2013, the economy had slipped into recession (-5.8%), after growing by 3% in 2011 and 2012. Unemployment remained high but stable, at 13.2% of the the labour force in 2013. A new team at the economy’s bedside President Rouhani is considered a moderate. Shortly after his election in June 2013, he stated in parliament that ‘there must be equal opportunities for women,’ before going on to appoint two women vice-presidents and the first woman spokesperson in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He has also pledged to expand internet access (26% in 2012). In an interview with NBC News 9 in September 2013, he said that ‘we want the people, in their private lives, to be completely free. In today’s world, having access to information and the right of free dialogue and the right to think freely is a right of all peoples, including Iranians. The people must have full access to all information worldwide.’ In November 2014, he reinstated the Management and Planning Organization. 7. The Management and Planning Organization was renamed the Presidential Deputy for Strategic Monitoring. 8. The Hi-Tech Development Fund has meanwhile been helping some enterprises to adopt energy-saving technologies. See (in Persian): www.hitechfund.ir 9. See : http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/17069 Chapter 15 391
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Towards 2030
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Published in 2015 by the United Nat
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Report team Director of the Publica
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Annex 2: Glos
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT five-year age
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT 742
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Table S1: Socio-economic indicators
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Table S2: R&D expenditure by sector
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Table S3: R&D expenditure as a shar
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Table S3: R&D expenditure as a shar
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Table S4: Public expenditure on ter
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Table S5: Tertiary graduates in 200
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Table S6: Total researchers and res
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Table S7: Researchers by field of s
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Table S7: Researchers by field of s
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Table S8: Scientific publications b
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Table S9: Publications by major fie
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Table S10: Scientific publications
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Data obtained
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT

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