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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Figure 7.9: Patent applications and grants in Latin America, 2009–2013 100 000 Total patent applications, direct and national phase entries through Patent Cooperation Treaty Total count by applicant's country of origin Logarithmic scale 10 000 1 000 100 10 1 200 160 120 30 965 Brazil 187 Mexico 9 261 153 Chile 3 319 2 969 Argentina Colombia 1 632 Cuba 843 Peru 377 367 325 315 219 Venezuela Panama Uruguay Costa Rica Paraguay 122 Ecuador 88 78 59 Total count by applicant's country of origin per million inhabitants Dominican Republic Guatemala El Salvador 25 25 20 Honduras Bolivia Nicaragua 13 80 92 83 75 75 71 40 44 33 18 12 12 7 6 4 4 3 2 2 0 Chile Brazil Uruguay Panama Cuba Mexico Argentina Costa Rica Colombia Paraguay Peru Venezuela Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Bolivia 10 000 Total patent grants, direct and national phase entries through Patent Cooperation Treaty Total count by applicant's country of origin 1 000 100 4 753 2 779 1 134 1 108 663 506 314 161 86 76 59 Logarithmic scale 10 1 Brazil Mexico Chile Argentina Cuba Colombia Panama Venezuela Uruguay Peru Costa Rica Ecuador 31 28 Dominican Republic Guatemala 16 Paraguay 8 7 Honduras Bolivia 5 4 El Salvador Nicaragua 3 90 Total count by applicant's country of origin per million inhabitants 80 60 64 59 30 27 25 24 22 0 Panama Chile Cuba Argentina Uruguay Brazil Mexico Costa Rica 12 10 Colombia Venezuela 5 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 Dominican Republic Peru Ecuador Paraguay Guatemala Honduras El Salvador Nicaragua Bolivia Source: Source: WIPO (2015) 194
Latin America There is a growing tendency among public research institutions to obtain patents in areas related to natural resources, such as mining and, above all, agriculture. This is true, for example of the Brazilian Agricultural Research Company (Embrapa) the National Institute for Agricultural Technology (INTA) in Argentina and the National Institute of Agricultural Research (INIA) in Uruguay. The top four applicants in Latin America between 1995 and 2014 all came from Brazil: Whirpool SA, a subsidiary of the Whirlpool Corporation in the USA (engines, pumps, turbines), with 304 applications; Petrobrás (basic material chemistry), with 131 applications; the Federal University of Minas Gerais in Brazil (pharmaceuticals), with 115 applications, and Embraco (engines, pumps, turbines), with 115 applications (WIPO, 2015). The quest for innovation policies that work Innovation surveys are becoming standard practice in several Latin American countries. Since the mid-1990s, no fewer than 60 innovations surveys have been conducted in 16 countries (Table 7.3). Argentina has conducted nine surveys, for instance, Chile eight, Mexico seven and Brazil and Colombia five each (see Chapter 8 on the outcome of Brazil’s most recent innovation survey). In the region, small and mediumsized enterprises (SMEs) account for 99% of all firms and generate 40–80% of jobs (ECLAC, 2015a). Whatever companies may say in innovation surveys, businesses contribute little to R&D. This is a pity, since local industry could exploit demand for innovation to strengthen its own competitiveness. Innovation capital measures a firm’s capacity to innovate and disseminate this innovation. In Latin American countries, capital stock represents just 13% of the economy, on average, less than half the OECD average (30%). More than 40% of Latin American knowledge-based capital stock comes from tertiary education (5.6% of GDP), compared to only 10% (1.3% of GDP) from R&D, the core driver of innovation. According to Crespi et al. (2014), the private return on innovation in Latin America depends on the type of innovation, being larger for product innovation than for process innovation (see also Chapter 2). The same is true of spillovers, suggesting that the wedge between the private and social return on innovation could be higher in the case of product innovation, something that could guide policy for this type of innovation. The study also shows that the typical multinational firms operating in Latin America are less prone to invest locally in R&D and, consequently, less likely to innovate. Crespi and Zuniga (2010) found that, in Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Panama and Uruguay, firms that invested in knowledge were capable of introducing new technologies. Firms that innovated also had greater labour productivity than those that did not. Crespi et al. (2014) take into account the oft-observed fact that firms in developing countries rarely undertake formal R&D on the edge of the technology curve. Rather, these firms focus on the difficult processes of acquiring and absorbing new technologies efficiently. Other national and regional studies suggest that Table 7.3: Percentage of manufacturing firms in Latin America engaged in innovation Selected countries Year/Period Share of manufacturing firms that engaged in in-house R&D (%) Share of manufacturing firms that engaged in contracted-out (external) R&D (%) Share of manufacturing firms that acquired machinery, equipment and software (%) Share of manufacturing firms that acquired external knowledge (%) Share of manufacturing firms that engaged in training (%) Share of manufacturing firms that engaged in market innovation (%) Total number of innovation surveys conducted in country Argentina 2007 71.9 19.3 80.4 15.1 52.3 – 9 Brazil 2009–2011 17.3 7.1 84.9 15.6 62.8 33.7 5 Colombia 2009–2010 22.4 5.8 68.6 34.6 11.8 21.4 5 Costa Rica 2010–2011 76.2 28.3 82.6 38.9 81.2 – 4 Cuba 2003–2005 9.8 41.3 90.2 36.6 22.1 83.8 2 Ecuador 2009–2011 34.8 10.6 74.5 27.0 33.7 10.6 1 El Salvador 2010–2012 41.6 6.7 – – – 82.7 1 Mexico 2010–2011 42.9 14.5 35.4 2.6 12.5 11.4 7 Panama 2006–2008 11.4 4.7 32.2 8.5 10.0 – 3 Uruguay 2007–2009 38.7 4.3 78.2 14.5 50.2 – 5 Chapter 7 Note: The following countries have also conducted a series of innovation surveys in the region: Chile (8), Dominican Republic (2), Guatemala (1), Paraguay (2), Peru (3) and Venezuela (2). Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics; see also Chapter 2 of the present report 195
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Towards 2030
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Published in 2015 by the United Nat
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Report team Director of the Publica
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT A closer look
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Foreword Irina Bokova, Director-Gen
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT five-year age
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT 742
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Table S1: Socio-economic indicators
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Table S2: R&D expenditure by sector
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Table S3: R&D expenditure as a shar
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Table S3: R&D expenditure as a shar
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Table S4: Public expenditure on ter
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Table S5: Tertiary graduates in 200
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Table S6: Total researchers and res
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Table S7: Researchers by field of s
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Table S7: Researchers by field of s
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Table S8: Scientific publications b
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Table S9: Publications by major fie
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Table S10: Scientific publications
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Data obtained
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT

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