UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT

UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT
R&D expenditure as percentage of GDP
R&D expenditure in
current PPP$ (000s)
R&D expenditure per
capita (current PPP$)
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2013 2009 2013
Iran, Islamic Rep. of 0.31 i 0.31 i – – – 3 345 394 i 3 521 024 -3,i 45.5 i 47.3 -3,i
Israel 4.15 p 3.96 p 4.10 p 4.25 p 4.21 p 8 506 846 p 11 032 853 p 1 169.5 p 1 426.7 p
Moldova, Rep. of 0.53 0.44 0.40 0.42 0.35 66 168 58 989 18.4 16.9
Russian Federation 1.25 1.13 1.09 1.12 1.12 34 654 585 40 694 501 241.2 284.9
Turkey 0.85 0.84 0.86 0.92 0.95 8 867 131 13 315 099 124.5 177.7
Ukraine 0.86 0.83 0.74 0.75 0.77 2 867 129 3 067 360 62.0 67.8
European Free Trade Assoc.
Iceland 2.66 – 2.49 s – – 337 939 314 837 -2,s 1 076.9 977.6 -2,s
Liechtenstein – – – – – – – – –
Norway 1.76 1.68 1.65 1.65 1.69 4 676 887 5 519 606 967.2 1 094.6
Switzerland 2.73 -1 – – 2.96 – 10 525 201 -1 13 251 396 -1 1 375.3 -1 1 657.0 -1
Sub–Saharan Africa
Angola – – – – – – – – –
Benin – – – – – – – – –
Botswana 0.53 -4 – – 0.26 s – 102 226 -4 76 096 -1,s 54.5 -4 38.0 -1,s
Burkina Faso 0.20 – – – – 39 877 – 2.6 –
Burundi 0.14 q 0.14 q 0.12 q – – 9 014 q 8 460 -2,q 1.0 q 0.9 -2,q
Cabo Verde – – 0.07 l,q – – – 2 211 -2,l,q – 4.5 -2,l,q
Cameroon – – – – – – – – –
Central African Rep. – – – – – – – – –
Chad – – – – – – – – –
Comoros – – – – – – – – –
Congo – – – – – – – – –
Congo, Dem. Rep. of 0.08 k,u – – – – 30 743 k,u – 0.5 k,u –
Côte d'Ivoire – – – – – – – – –
Djibouti – – – – – – – – –
Equatorial Guinea – – – – – – – – –
Eritrea – – – – – – – – –
Ethiopia 0.17 -2,q 0.24 s – – 0.61 111 769 -2,q 787 350 s 1.4 -2,q 8.4 s
Gabon 0.58 – – – – 137 154 – 90.3 –
Gambia 0.02 q – 0.13 b – – 445 q 3 544 -2,b 0.3 q 2.0 -2,b
Ghana 0.23 -2 0.38 s – – – 133 220 -2 274 351 -3,s 5.9 -2 11.3 -3,s
Guinea – – – – – – – – –
Guinea–Bissau – – – – – – – – –
Kenya 0.36 -2,q 0.79 s – – – 305 213 -2,q 788 126 -3,s 8.1 -2,q 19.3 -3,s
Lesotho 0.03 q – 0.01 l,q – – 1 200 q 599 -2,l,q 0.6 q 0.3 -2,l,q
Liberia – – – – – – – – –
Madagascar 0.15 q 0.11 q,s 0.11 q – – 41 544 q 31 484 -2,q,s 2.0 q 1.5 -2,q,s
Malawi – – – – – – – – –
Mali 0.25 -2,i,q 0.66 h – – – 47 068 -2,i,q 150 785 -3,h 3.7 -2,i,q 10.8 -3,h
Mauritius 0.37 -4,b,u – – 0.18 h,s – 51 912 -4,b,u 38 584 -1,h,s 42.8 -4,b,u 31.1 -1,h,s
Mozambique 0.16 -1,h,j,q 0.42 h,s – – – 30 012 -1,h,j,q 92 445 -3,h,s 1.3 -1,h,j,q 3.9 -3,h,s
Namibia – 0.14 i,q – – – – 25 516 -3,i,q – 11.7 -3,i,q
Niger – – – – – – – – –
Nigeria 0.22 -2,h – – – – 1 374 841 -2,h – 9.3 -2,h –
Rwanda – – – – – – – – –
Sao Tome and Principe – – – – – – – – –
Senegal 0.37 -1 0.54 – – – 93 586 -1 149 726 -3 7.6 -1 11.6 -3
Seychelles 0.30 -4 – – – – 3 955 -4 – 45.4 -4 –
Sierra Leone – – – – – – – – –
Somalia – – – – – – – – –
South Africa 0.84 0.74 0.73 0.73 – 4 818 930 4 824 364 -1 94.7 92.1 -1
South Sudan – – – – – – – – –
Swaziland – – – – – – – – –
Tanzania 0.34 -2,h,q 0.38 h,q – – – 251 377 -2,h,q 348 185 -3,h,q 6.1 -2,h,q 7.7 -3,h,q
Togo – 0.25 h – 0.22 h – – 19 622 -1,h – 3.0 -1,h
Uganda 0.36 0.48 – – – 170 176 240 005 -3 5.2 7.1 -3
Zambia 0.28 -1 – – – – 101 149 -1 – 8.1 -1 –
Zimbabwe – – – – – – – – –
Arab states
Algeria 0.07 -4,q – – – – 241 164 -4,q – 7.1 -4,q –
Bahrain 0.04 l,q 0.04 l,q 0.04 l,q 0.04 l,q 0.04 l,q 18 124 l,q 24 516 l,q 15.2 l,q 18.4 l,q
Egypt 0.43 h 0.43 h 0.53 h 0.54 h 0.68 h 3 306 085 h 6 169 203 h 43.1 h 75.2 h
Iraq 0.05 h,u 0.04 h,u 0.03 h,u – – 159 710 h,u 146 269 -2,h,u 5.3 h,u 4.6 -2,h,u
Jordan 0.43 -1 – – – – 263 201 -1 – 44.5 -1 –
Kuwait 0.11 k,q 0.10 k,q 0.10 k,q 0.10 k,q 0.30 h,s 249 477 k,q 264 911 -1,k,q 87.5 k,q 81.5 -1,k,q
Lebanon – – – – – – – – –
Libya – – – – – – – – –
Mauritania – – – – – – – – –
Morocco 0.64 -3 0.73 – – – 1 030 143 -3 1 494 848 -3 33.9 -3 47.2 -3
Oman – – 0.13 r 0.21 0.17 – 309 780 -1 – 93.5 -1
Palestine – – – – – – – – –
Qatar – – – 0.47 – – 1 296 303 -1 – 632.2 -1
Saudi Arabia 0.07 q – – – – 832 203 q – 31.1 q –
Sudan 0.30 -4,b,r – – – – 298 413 -4,b,r – 9.4 -4,b,r –
Syrian Arab Rep. – – – – – – – – –
Tunisia 0.71 0.68 0.71 0.68 – 728 030 790 712 -1 69.3 72.7 -1
United Arab Emirates – – 0.49 r – – – 2 461 027 -2,r – 275.7 -2,r
Yemen – – – – – – – – –
757