UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT

More documents

Recommendations

Info

UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT contraried by the current recession, following the downturn in Brent crude oil prices, the imposition of sanctions and a deteriorating business climate. Meanwhile, in India, growth has remained at the respectable level of about 5% in the past few years but there are concerns that economic growth is not creating enough jobs. Today, India’s economy is dominated by the services sector (57% of GDP). The Modi government elected in 2014 has argued for a new economic model based on exportoriented manufacturing to foster job creation. India is already becoming a hub for frugal innovation, thanks to the large domestic market for pro-poor products and services such as low-cost medical devices and cheap cars. With the end of the commodities boom, Latin America is, itself, in search of a new growth strategy. Over the past decade, the region has reduced its exceptionally high levels of economic inequality but, as global demand for raw materials has fallen, Latin America’s own growth rates have begun stagnating or even contracting in some cases. Latin American countries are not lacking in policy initiatives or in the sophistication of institutional structures to promote science and research (Chapter 7). Countries have made great strides in terms of access to higher education, scientific mobility and output. Few, however, appear to have used the commodities boom to embrace technology-driven competitiveness. Looking ahead, the region may be well placed to develop the type of scientific excellence that can underpin green growth by combining its natural advantages in biological diversity and its strengths with regard to indigenous (traditional) knowledge systems. The long-term planning documents to 2020 or 2030 of many low- and middle-income countries also reflect the quest for a growth strategy able to carry them into a higher income bracket. These ‘vision’ documents tend to have a triple focus: better governance, in order to improve the business environment and attract foreign investment to develop a dynamic private sector; more inclusive growth, to reduce poverty levels and inequality; and environmental sustainability, to protect the natural resources on which most of these economies depend for foreign exchange. GLOBAL TRENDS IN R&D EXPENDITURE How has the crisis affected R&D investment? The UNESCO Science Report 2010 was written in the immediate aftermath of the global financial crisis. Its coverage encompassed a period of historically unmatched global economic growth between 2002 and 2007. It was also forward-looking. One question it addressed was the extent to which the global crisis might be bad for global knowledge creation. The conclusion that global investment in R&D would not be that strongly affected by t he crisis appears, with hindsight, to have been spot on. In 2013, world GERD amounted to PPP$ 1 478 billion, compared to only PPP$ 1 132 billion in 2007 5 . This was less than the 47% increase recorded over the previous period (2002–2007) but a significant increase nevertheless. Moreover, this rise took place during a time of crisis. As GERD progressed much faster than global GDP, this caused global R&D intensity to climb from 1.57% (2007) to 1.70% (2013) of GDP (Tables 1.1 and 1.2). As argued in the UNESCO Science Report 2010, Asia, in general, and China, in particular, were the first to recover from the crisis, pulling global R&D investment relatively quickly to higher levels. 6 In other emerging economies such as Brazil and India, the rise in R&D intensity took longer to kick in. Similarly, the prediction that both the USA and EU would be able to maintain their own R&D intensity at pre-crisis levels was not only correct but even too conservative a prediction. The Triad (EU, Japan and USA) have all seen GERD rise over the past five years to levels well above those of 2007, unlike Canada. Public research budgets: a converging, yet contrasting picture The past five years have seen a converging trend: disengagement in R&D by the public sector in many highincome countries (Australia, Canada, USA, etc.) and a growing investment in R&D on the part of lower income countries. In Africa, for instance, Ethiopia has used some of the fastest growth rates on the continent to raise GERD from 0.24% (2009) to 0.61% (2013) of GDP. Malawi has raised its own ratio to 1.06% and Uganda to 0.48% (2010), up from 0.33% in 2008. There is a growing recognition in Africa and beyond that the development of modern infrastructure (hospitals, roads, railways, etc.) and the achievement of economic diversification and industrialization will necessitate greater investment in STI, including the constitution of a critical mass of skilled workers. Spending on R&D is on the rise in many East African countries with innovation hubs (Cameroon, Kenya, Rwanda, Uganda, etc.), driven by greater investment by both the public and private sectors (Chapter 19). The sources of Africa’s heightened interest in STI are multiple but the global financial crisis of 2008–2009 certainly played a role. It boosted commodity prices and focused attention on beneficiation policies in Africa. 5. PPP stands for purchasing power parity. 6. China’s R&D intensity more than doubled between 2007 and 2013 to 2.08. This is above the EU average and means that China is on track to achieve the target it shares with the EU of a 3% GERD/GDP ratio by 2020. 24
A world in search of an effective growth strategy Table 1.1: World trends in population and GDP Population (in millions) Share of global population (%) GDP in constant 2005 PPP$ billions Share of global GDP (%) 2007 2013 2007 2013 2007 2009 2011 2013 2007 2009 2011 2013 World 6 673.1 7 162.1 100.0 100.0 72 198.1 74 176.0 81 166.9 86 674.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 High-income economies 1 264.1 1 309.2 18.9 18.3 41 684.3 40 622.2 42 868.1 44 234.6 57.7 54.8 52.8 51.0 Upper-middle-income economies 2 322.0 2 442.1 34.8 34.1 19 929.7 21 904.3 25 098.5 27 792.6 27.6 29.5 30.9 32.1 Lower-middle-income economies 2 340.7 2 560.4 35.1 35.7 9 564.7 10 524.5 11 926.1 13 206.4 13.2 14.2 14.7 15.2 Low-income economies 746.3 850.3 11.2 11.9 1 019.4 1 125.0 1 274.2 1 440.7 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Americas 913.0 971.9 13.7 13.6 21 381.6 21 110.0 22 416.8 23 501.5 29.6 28.5 27.6 27.1 North America 336.8 355.3 5.0 5.0 14 901.4 14 464.1 15 088.7 15 770.5 20.6 19.5 18.6 18.2 Latin America 535.4 574.1 8.0 8.0 6 011.0 6 170.4 6 838.5 7 224.7 8.3 8.3 8.4 8.3 Caribbean 40.8 42.5 0.6 0.6 469.2 475.5 489.6 506.4 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 Europe 806.5 818.6 12.1 11.4 18 747.3 18 075.1 19 024.5 19 177.9 26.0 24.4 23.4 22.1 European Union 500.8 509.5 7.5 7.1 14 700.7 14 156.7 14 703.8 14 659.5 20.4 19.1 18.1 16.9 Southeast Europe 19.6 19.2 0.3 0.3 145.7 151.0 155.9 158.8 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 European Free Trade Association 12.6 13.5 0.2 0.2 558.8 555.0 574.3 593.2 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 Other Europe 273.6 276.4 4.1 3.9 3 342.0 3 212.3 3 590.5 3 766.4 4.6 4.3 4.4 4.3 Africa 957.3 1 110.6 14.3 15.5 3 555.7 3 861.4 4 109.8 4 458.4 4.9 5.2 5.1 5.1 Sub-Saharan Africa 764.7 897.3 11.5 12.5 2 020.0 2 194.3 2 441.8 2 678.5 2.8 3.0 3.0 3.1 Arab States in Africa 192.6 213.3 2.9 3.0 1 535.8 1 667.1 1 668.0 1 779.9 2.1 2.2 2.1 2.1 Asia 3 961.5 4 222.6 59.4 59.0 27 672.8 30 248.0 34 695.7 38 558.5 38.3 40.8 42.7 44.5 Central Asia 61.8 67.2 0.9 0.9 408.9 446.5 521.2 595.4 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 Arab States in Asia 122.0 145.2 1.8 2.0 2 450.0 2 664.0 3 005.2 3 308.3 3.4 3.6 3.7 3.8 West Asia 94.9 101.9 1.4 1.4 1 274.2 1 347.0 1 467.0 1 464.1 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.7 South Asia 1 543.1 1 671.6 23.1 23.3 5 016.1 5 599.2 6 476.8 7 251.4 6.9 7.5 8.0 8.4 Southeast Asia 2 139.7 2 236.8 32.1 31.2 18 523.6 20 191.3 23 225.4 25 939.3 25.7 27.2 28.6 29.9 Oceania 34.8 38.3 0.5 0.5 840.7 881.5 920.2 978.0 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 Other groupings Least developed countries 783.4 898.2 11.7 12.5 1 327.2 1 474.1 1 617.9 1 783.6 1.8 2.0 2.0 2.1 Arab States all 314.6 358.5 4.7 5.0 3 985.7 4 331.1 4 673.2 5 088.2 5.5 5.8 5.8 5.9 OECD 1 216.3 1 265.2 18.2 17.7 38 521.2 37 306.1 39 155.4 40 245.7 53.4 50.3 48.2 46.4 G20 4 389.5 4 615.5 65.8 64.4 57 908.7 59 135.1 64 714.6 68 896.8 80.2 79.7 79.7 79.5 Selected countries Argentina 39.3 41.4 0.6 0.6 631.8 651.7 772.1 802.2 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.9 Brazil 190.0 200.4 2.8 2.8 2 165.3 2 269.8 2 507.5 2 596.5 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.0 Canada 33.0 35.2 0.5 0.5 1 216.8 1 197.7 1 269.4 1 317.2 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.5 China 1 334.3 1 385.6 20.0 19.3 8 313.0 9 953.6 12 015.9 13 927.7 11.5 13.4 14.8 16.1 Egypt 74.2 82.1 1.1 1.1 626.0 702.1 751.3 784.2 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 France 62.2 64.3 0.9 0.9 2 011.1 1 955.7 2 035.6 2 048.3 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.4 Germany 83.6 82.7 1.3 1.2 2 838.9 2 707.0 2 918.9 2 933.0 3.9 3.6 3.6 3.4 India 1 159.1 1 252.1 17.4 17.5 3 927.4 4 426.2 5 204.3 5 846.1 5.4 6.0 6.4 6.7 Iran 71.8 77.4 1.1 1.1 940.5 983.3 1 072.4 1 040.5 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 Israel 6.9 7.7 0.1 0.1 191.7 202.2 222.7 236.9 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 Japan 127.2 127.1 1.9 1.8 4 042.1 3 779.0 3 936.8 4 070.5 5.6 5.1 4.9 4.7 Malaysia 26.8 29.7 0.4 0.4 463.0 478.0 540.2 597.7 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 Mexico 113.5 122.3 1.7 1.7 1 434.8 1 386.5 1 516.3 1 593.6 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.8 Republic of Korea 47.6 49.3 0.7 0.7 1 293.2 1 339.2 1 478.8 1 557.6 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 Russian Federation 143.7 142.8 2.2 2.0 1 991.7 1 932.3 2 105.4 2 206.5 2.8 2.6 2.6 2.5 South Africa 49.6 52.8 0.7 0.7 522.1 530.5 564.2 589.4 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 Turkey 69.5 74.9 1.0 1.0 874.1 837.4 994.3 1 057.3 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.2 United Kingdom 61.0 63.1 0.9 0.9 2 203.7 2 101.7 2 177.1 2 229.4 3.1 2.8 2.7 2.6 United States of America 303.8 320.1 4.6 4.5 13 681.1 13 263.0 13 816.1 14 450.3 18.9 17.9 17.0 16.7 Chapter 1 Source: World Bank’s World Development Indicators, April 2015; and estimations by UNESCO Institute for Statistics; United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2013) World Population Prospects: the 2012 Revision 25
Page 1: UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Towards 2030
Page 4 and 5: Published in 2015 by the United Nat
Page 6 and 7: Report team Director of the Publica
Page 8 and 9: UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT A closer look
Page 10 and 11: UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Illustrations
Page 12 and 13: UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Figure 6.1: E
Page 14 and 15: UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Figure 10.2:
Page 20 and 21: UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Table 25.1. S
Page 22 and 23: Foreword Irina Bokova, Director-Gen
Page 24 and 25: xxii
Page 26 and 27: UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT 2016 Internat
Page 28 and 29: UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT strained in m
Page 30 and 31: A more developmental approach to sc
Page 32 and 33: UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT in the contex
Page 34 and 35: UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT There are cou
Page 36 and 37: Science for a sustainable and just
Page 38 and 39: UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT provides a ne
Page 40 and 41: UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT subjectivity,
Page 42 and 43: UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT 2016 20 18
Page 44 and 45: Many dilemmas appear increasingly c
Page 46 and 47: UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT complement th
Page 50 and 51: UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Table 1.2: Wo
Page 52 and 53: UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Figure 1.1: G
Page 54 and 55: UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT The danger is
Page 58 and 59: UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Figure 1.4: L
Page 62 and 63: UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Table 1.5: Pa
Page 64 and 65: UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Figure 1.7: W
Page 66 and 67: UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT The countries
Page 68 and 69: UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Research Coun
Page 70 and 71: UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT to create res
Page 72 and 73: UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT So far, the r
Page 74 and 75: UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT a number of r
Page 76 and 77: UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Southeast Asi
Page 78 and 79: UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT major implica
Page 80 and 81: Policy-makers should ... focus not
Page 82 and 83: Figure UNESCO 2.1: SCIENCE Trends i
Page 84 and 85: UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT We shall also
Page 86 and 87: UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Figure 2.3: I
Page 88 and 89: UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Figure 2.5: T
Page 90 and 91: Figure UNESCO 2.6: SCIENCE Trends i
Page 92 and 93: Figure UNESCO 2.6 SCIENCE (continue
Page 94 and 95: UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Firms prefer
Page 96 and 97: UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Table 2.2: Hi
Page 98 and 99:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Figure 2.9: F
Page 100 and 101:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT drain. In 199
Page 102 and 103:
UNESCO Figure 2.12: SCIENCE Preferr
Page 104 and 105:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Figure 2.13:
Page 106 and 107:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT CONCLUSION In
Page 108 and 109:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Gender equali
Page 110 and 111:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Figure 3.1: T
Page 112 and 113:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Figure 3.2: S
Page 114 and 115:
Page 116 and 117:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Table 3.2: Sh
Page 118 and 119:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Factoring in
Page 120 and 121:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT views of wome
Page 122 and 123:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT POLICY ISSUES
Page 124 and 125:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT are defined a
Page 126 and 127:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT CONCLUSION A
Page 128 and 129:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT 2016 22 104
Page 130 and 131:
Science powers commerce - but not o
Page 132 and 133:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Some challeng
Page 134 and 135:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Table 4.2: R&
Page 136 and 137:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT How best to i
Page 138 and 139:
Figure 4.5: Scientific publication
Page 140 and 141:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Figure 4.6: M
Page 142 and 143:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT businesses of
Page 144 and 145:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Canadian Acad
Page 146 and 147:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Figure 4.8: D
Page 148 and 149:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT In 2014, the
Page 150 and 151:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT CONCLUSION Sc
Page 152 and 153:
The future looks brighter for busin
Page 154 and 155:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Figure 5.2: G
Page 156 and 157:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Policy and Co
Page 158 and 159:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Box 5.1: The
Page 160 and 161:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Box 5.2: Indu
Page 162 and 163:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Figure 5.4: R
Page 164 and 165:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Figure 5.5: P
Page 166 and 167:
UNESCO Figure 5.6: SCIENCE Science
Page 168 and 169:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT federal inves
Page 170 and 171:
Page 172 and 173:
Page 174 and 175:
UNESCO Figure 5.11: SCIENCE Scienti
Page 176 and 177:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT More foreign
Page 178 and 179:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT had an advers
Page 180 and 181:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT In the absenc
Page 182 and 183:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Figure 6.1: E
Page 184 and 185:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Figure 6.4: E
Page 186 and 187:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Table 6.2: Ov
Page 188 and 189:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Chronic under
Page 190 and 191:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT The campus ha
Page 192 and 193:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Figure 6.8: R
Page 194 and 195:
Bahamas UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Beliz
Page 196 and 197:
Page 198 and 199:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT A variety of
Page 200 and 201:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT In Venezuela,
Page 202 and 203:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Figure 7.3: T
Page 204 and 205:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT A shift towar
Page 206 and 207:
Figure 7.4: Trends in higher educat
Page 208 and 209:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT The Start-Up
Page 210 and 211:
UNESCO Figure 7.7: SCIENCE Trends i
Page 212 and 213:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT TRENDS IN R&D
Page 214 and 215:
Figure 7.8 (continued) Life science
Page 216 and 217:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT For example,
Page 218 and 219:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Figure 7.9: P
Page 220 and 221:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT the major cha
Page 222 and 223:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Table 7.4: Na
Page 224 and 225:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT these service
Page 226 and 227:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT n the creatio
Page 228 and 229:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Box 7.4: Ikia
Page 230 and 231:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT n Strengtheni
Page 232 and 233:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT A second grou
Page 234 and 235:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Industry must
Page 236 and 237:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT have regained
Page 238 and 239:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT The Fourth 3
Page 240 and 241:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT average in ma
Page 242 and 243:
Page 244 and 245:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Figure 8.7: G
Page 246 and 247:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Box 8.5: Inno
Page 248 and 249:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Table 8.1: In
Page 250 and 251:
UNESCO Figure 8.12: SCIENCE Relativ
Page 252 and 253:
Page 254 and 255:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT The European
Page 256 and 257:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT The first sig
Page 258 and 259:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT 72 months. Wh
Page 260 and 261:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Table 9.2: GE
Page 262 and 263:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Figure 9.4: B
Page 264 and 265:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Table 9.4: To
Page 266 and 267:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Figure 9.6: I
Page 268 and 269:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Table 9.7: (c
Page 270 and 271:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Table 9.7: (c
Page 272 and 273:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT EU had alread
Page 274 and 275:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT demand and fu
Page 276 and 277:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Table 9.11: E
Page 278 and 279:
Page 280 and 281:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Box 9.2: Gali
Page 282 and 283:
UNESCO Figure 9.9: SCIENCE Scientif
Page 284 and 285:
Figure 9.10: Publication profiles i
Page 286 and 287:
Figure 9.11 (continued) All EU memb
Page 288 and 289:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT comprises a p
Page 290 and 291:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT GREECE Aligni
Page 292 and 293:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT SPAIN Making
Page 294 and 295:
Page 296 and 297:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Southeast Eur
Page 298 and 299:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT The effects o
Page 300 and 301:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Box 10.2: Sou
Page 302 and 303:
Page 304 and 305:
Page 306 and 307:
Page 308 and 309:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT COUNTRY PROFI
Page 310 and 311:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT According to
Page 312 and 313:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Box 10.3: A f
Page 314 and 315:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT n a small num
Page 316 and 317:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT has facilitat
Page 318 and 319:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Countries wil
Page 320 and 321:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT A few adjustm
Page 322 and 323:
Page 324 and 325:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Table 11.1: I
Page 326 and 327:
Page 328 and 329:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT NORWAY Knowle
Page 330 and 331:
Page 332 and 333:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT polytechnique
Page 334 and 335:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Taken togethe
Page 336 and 337:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT All seven cou
Page 338 and 339:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Many post-Sov
Page 340 and 341:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Table 12.2: T
Page 342 and 343:
Page 344 and 345:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT n On the whol
Page 346 and 347:
Page 348 and 349:
Page 350 and 351:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT currently wor
Page 352 and 353:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Next steps fo
Page 354 and 355:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT corruption an
Page 356 and 357:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT schemes inclu
Page 358 and 359:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT A highly cent
Page 360 and 361:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT UKRAINE Co-op
Page 362 and 363:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT For one thing
Page 364 and 365:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT REFERENCES Ci
Page 366 and 367:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Boosting supp
Page 368 and 369:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT of Economic D
Page 370 and 371:
Figure 13.1: Trends in GERD 1.29% 1
Page 372 and 373:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT In 2009, the
Page 374 and 375:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT an imbalance
Page 376 and 377:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT In recent yea
Page 378 and 379:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT n assigning i
Page 380 and 381:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Box 13.2: Ref
Page 382 and 383:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Along with th
Page 384 and 385:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT More bridges
Page 386 and 387:
Page 388 and 389:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Progress in C
Page 390 and 391:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Bakiyev was d
Page 392 and 393:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT A focus on un
Page 394 and 395:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Table 14.2: C
Page 396 and 397:
RUSSIAN FEDERATION UNESCO Figure 14
Page 398 and 399:
Page 400 and 401:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Table 14.3: K
Page 402 and 403:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT reliant on en
Page 404 and 405:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Kyrgyzstan ne
Page 406 and 407:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT it comes to i
Page 408 and 409:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT One of the fi
Page 410 and 411:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Box 14.5: Uzb
Page 412 and 413:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Indirectly, i
Page 414 and 415:
Page 416 and 417:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT President Rou
Page 418 and 419:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT The following
Page 420 and 421:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Medicine Medi
Page 422 and 423:
Page 424 and 425:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Table 15.2: G
Page 426 and 427:
Page 428 and 429:
UNESCO Figure 15.5: SCIENCE Trends
Page 430 and 431:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT KEY TARGETS F
Page 432 and 433:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Israel needs
Page 434 and 435:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Data released
Page 436 and 437:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT ranks 26th ou
Page 438 and 439:
Page 440 and 441:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT A shortage of
Page 442 and 443:
Figure UNESCO 16.11: SCIENCE Scient
Page 444 and 445:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT of NIS 88 mil
Page 446 and 447:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Parkinson’s
Page 448 and 449:
Page 450 and 451:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT TRENDS IN SCI
Page 452 and 453:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT The Sixth Hig
Page 454 and 455:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT The Arab worl
Page 456 and 457:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Box 17.1: Upg
Page 458 and 459:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Table 17.1: S
Page 460 and 461:
Page 462 and 463:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT the regional
Page 464 and 465:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT In several co
Page 466 and 467:
Page 468 and 469:
Figure 17.10: Scientific publicatio
Page 470 and 471:
UNESCO Figure 17.10 SCIENCE (contin
Page 472 and 473:
Page 474 and 475:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Zewail City f
Page 476 and 477:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Box 17.3: SES
Page 478 and 479:
Page 480 and 481:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT R&D prioritie
Page 482 and 483:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT n The third I
Page 484 and 485:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT entrepreneurs
Page 486 and 487:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT to brain drai
Page 488 and 489:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Maghreb. Esta
Page 490 and 491:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT safety and th
Page 492 and 493:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT REFERENCES Ab
Page 494 and 495:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Countries hav
Page 496 and 497:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Guinea-Bissau
Page 498 and 499:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT GDP to higher
Page 500 and 501:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT A REGIONAL VI
Page 502 and 503:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT n establish s
Page 504 and 505:
Page 506 and 507:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT A modest publ
Page 508 and 509:
Page 510 and 511:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT CABO VERDE A
Page 512 and 513:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT The establish
Page 514 and 515:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT In addition t
Page 516 and 517:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Since 2009, t
Page 518 and 519:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT n In October
Page 520 and 521:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT developing a
Page 522 and 523:
Most countries have based their lon
Page 524 and 525:
Page 526 and 527:
Page 528 and 529:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Table 19.2: I
Page 530 and 531:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Box 19.1: Net
Page 532 and 533:
Page 534 and 535:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT TRENDS IN EDU
Page 536 and 537:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT The governmen
Page 538 and 539:
Page 540 and 541:
Page 542 and 543:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT n raising the
Page 544 and 545:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Despite these
Page 546 and 547:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT n Services Ga
Page 548 and 549:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT The Kenya Nat
Page 550 and 551:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Plans to beco
Page 552 and 553:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Sudan without
Page 554 and 555:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT of France Tel
Page 556 and 557:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT REFERENCES Af
Page 558 and 559:
An important aspect of economic int
Page 560 and 561:
Page 562 and 563:
Page 564 and 565:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Box 20.1 The
Page 566 and 567:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Gender equity
Page 568 and 569:
Page 570 and 571:
Page 572 and 573:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT DEMOCRATIC RE
Page 574 and 575:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT private secto
Page 576 and 577:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT To a large ex
Page 578 and 579:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Two reputable
Page 580 and 581:
Page 582 and 583:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT A popular des
Page 584 and 585:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT turn, reviewe
Page 586 and 587:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Innovation Fu
Page 588 and 589:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT This counter-
Page 590 and 591:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Without adequ
Page 592 and 593:
Page 594 and 595:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT TRENDS IN EDU
Page 596 and 597:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Box 21.2: Sou
Page 598 and 599:
Page 600 and 601:
Figure UNESCO 21.8: SCIENCE Scienti
Page 602 and 603:
Page 604 and 605:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT all faculty,
Page 606 and 607:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT n attain self
Page 608 and 609:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT the governmen
Page 610 and 611:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT The Ministry
Page 612 and 613:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT PAKISTAN Plan
Page 614 and 615:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Table 21.4: R
Page 616 and 617:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Sri Lanka has
Page 618 and 619:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Box 21.7: Dev
Page 620 and 621:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT of the electr
Page 622 and 623:
Page 624 and 625:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT years but it
Page 626 and 627:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT the success o
Page 628 and 629:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Table 22.2: D
Page 630 and 631:
Page 632 and 633:
Page 634 and 635:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT innovation co
Page 636 and 637:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT thrusts: impr
Page 638 and 639:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Eight states
Page 640 and 641:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT engineering p
Page 642 and 643:
Page 644 and 645:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT The ‘new no
Page 646 and 647:
Page 648 and 649:
Page 650 and 651:
Page 652 and 653:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT TRENDS IN STI
Page 654 and 655:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT papers. China
Page 656 and 657:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT endogenous in
Page 658 and 659:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Box 23.4: Wat
Page 660 and 661:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Rethinking go
Page 662 and 663:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT monitoring pr
Page 664 and 665:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT information a
Page 666 and 667:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Japan needs t
Page 668 and 669:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT crisis of 200
Page 670 and 671:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT In 2014, a ne
Page 672 and 673:
Page 674 and 675:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT TRENDS IN R&D
Page 676 and 677:
Page 678 and 679:
Page 680 and 681:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Table 24.4: P
Page 682 and 683:
Page 684 and 685:
Page 686 and 687:
Page 688 and 689:
Page 690 and 691:
Page 692 and 693:
Page 694 and 695:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT The volume of
Page 696 and 697:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT of creativity
Page 698 and 699:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT may not be ab
Page 700 and 701:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Accountabilit
Page 702 and 703:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT 144 529 ringg
Page 704 and 705:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT oversight wou
Page 706 and 707:
Page 708 and 709:
Page 710 and 711:
Page 712 and 713:
Page 714 and 715:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT exercises tar
Page 716 and 717:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT A major chall
Page 718 and 719:
Page 720 and 721:
UNESCO Figure 27.4: SCIENCE REPORT
Page 722 and 723:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT comparatively
Page 724 and 725:
UNESCO Figure 27.5: SCIENCE Trends
Page 726 and 727:
Page 728 and 729:
Page 730 and 731:
UNESCO Figure 27.8 SCIENCE (continu
Page 732 and 733:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT although the
Page 734 and 735:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT According to
Page 736 and 737:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT the volume of
Page 738 and 739:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT There are 161
Page 740 and 741:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT The National
Page 742 and 743:
Page 744 and 745:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Box 27.3: Inn
Page 746 and 747:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Ambitious pol
Page 748 and 749:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT (22%), physic
Page 750 and 751:
Page 752 and 753:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT gender implic
Page 754 and 755:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT REFERENCES AA
Page 756 and 757:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT 2016 732
Page 758 and 759:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Annex 1: Comp
Page 760 and 761:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Central Asia
Page 762 and 763:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Annex 2: Glos
Page 764 and 765:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT five-year age
Page 766 and 767:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT 742
Page 768 and 769:
Table S1: Socio-economic indicators
Page 770 and 771:
Page 772 and 773:
Page 774 and 775:
Table S2: R&D expenditure by sector
Page 776 and 777:
Page 778 and 779:
Page 780 and 781:
Table S3: R&D expenditure as a shar
Page 782 and 783:
Table S3: R&D expenditure as a shar
Page 784 and 785:
Table S4: Public expenditure on ter
Page 786 and 787:
Table S5: Tertiary graduates in 200
Page 788 and 789:
Page 790 and 791:
Page 792 and 793:
Table S6: Total researchers and res
Page 794 and 795:
Page 796 and 797:
Page 798 and 799:
Table S7: Researchers by field of s
Page 800 and 801:
Table S7: Researchers by field of s
Page 802 and 803:
Table S8: Scientific publications b
Page 804 and 805:
Table S9: Publications by major fie
Page 806 and 807:
Page 808 and 809:
Page 810 and 811:
Table S10: Scientific publications
Page 812 and 813:
Page 814 and 815:
Page 816 and 817:
Page 818:
UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Data obtained
show all

UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?