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Figure 11.3: Scientific publication trends in EFTA countries, 2005–2014 Growth has slowed in Iceland since 2010 and remained steady in Norway and Switzerland 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Iceland 427 458 490 575 623 753 716 810 866 864 Liechtenstein 33 36 37 46 41 50 41 55 48 52 Norway 6 090 6 700 7 057 7 543 8 110 8 499 9 327 9 451 9 947 10 070 Switzerland 16 397 17 809 18 341 19 131 20 336 21 361 22 894 23 205 25 051 25 308 2 594 Publications per million inhabitants in Iceland in 2014 1 978 Norwegian publications per million inhabitants in 2014 3 102 Swiss publications per million inhabitants in 2014 Countries specialize in medical sciences, Switzerland stands out in physics Cumulative totals by field, 2008–2014 Iceland 113 120 965 144 115 269 985 93 1 258 100 399 49 34 Liechtenstein 25 47 1 67 9 105 40 Norway 1 361 413 11 378 2 810 1 130 4 659 10 143 1 570 17 382 1 042 3 937 686 824 Switzerland 2 099 2 940 32 662 13 197 2 806 10 251 11 281 3 193 43 279 735 19 368 1 251 1 010 Agriculture Astronomy Biological sciences Chemistry Computer science Engineering Geosciences Mathematics Medical sciences Other life sciences Physics Psychology Social sciences Note: The totals by field do not include unclassified publications, which are quite numerous for Switzerland (13 214), Norway (5 612) and Iceland (563). See the methodological note on p. 792. All countries surpass the OECD average by far for key indicators Average citation rate for publications 2008–2012 Share of papers among 10% most-cited 2008–2012 Share of papers with foreign co-authors, 2008–2014 Iceland 1.71 Iceland 18.3% Liechtenstein 90.7% Switzerland 1.56 Norway Liechtenstein OECD average 1.08 1.12 1.29 Switzerland 18.0% Norway Liechtenstein OECD average 11.1% 13.4% 12.3% Iceland Switzerland Norway OECD average 29.4% 77.4% 68.9% 61.3% The main partners are in Europe or the USA Main foreign partners between 2008 and 2014 (number of papers) 1st collaborator 2nd collaborator 3rd collaborator 4th collaborator 5th collaborator Iceland USA (1 514) UK (1 095) Sweden (1 078) Denmark (750) Germany (703) Liechtenstein Austria (121) Germany (107) Switzerland (100) USA (68) France (19) Norway USA (10 774) UK (8 854) Sweden (7 540) Germany (7 034) France (5 418) Switzerland Germany (34 164) USA (33 638) UK (20 732) France (19 832) Italy (15 618) Source: Thomson Reuters’ Web of Science, Science Citation Index Expanded; data treatment by Science–Metrix 302
European Free Trade Association n a higher contribution to tertiary education in order to reach the level of other Nordic countries; n restoration of the pre-2008 target of raising the GERD/GDP ratio to 3% by 2016; n measures to increase Iceland’s participation in international research programmes; n the definition of long-term funding projects and the research infrastructure they call for; n strengthening competitive funding at the cost of fixed contributions; n a better use of the tax system to encourage the private sector to invest in R&D and innovation; and, lastly, n a better system for evaluating the quality of domestic research and innovation. Unfortunately, these recommendations hardly touch on the problem of fragmentation pinpointed by the Erawatch country report in 2013. Iceland counts one university for every 50 000 inhabitants! Of course, prioritizing some institutions over others is a politically difficult manoeuvre; it impinges on STI but also has regional, social and cultural dimensions. Notwithstanding this, channelling available resources to a single strong university likely to impress the international scientific community and attract students and faculty from abroad is an absolute must. This institution would then be able to take the lead in Iceland’s most promising research fields – health, information and communication technologies (ICTs), environment and energy – and perhaps develop others. The brilliant young Icelanders living abroad would be more willing to return home with their new ideas. Maybe it will take this young generation to heed the message from an independent expert group that recently reviewed Iceland’s STI system commissioned by the European Commission. If Iceland wishes to put an end to institutional fragmentation, they said, to improve co-ordination of the main players, foster co-operation and develop an efficient evaluation and quality assessment system, the way forward can be summed up in two words: pull together. LIECHTENSTEIN Innovation drives Liechtenstein’s economy Liechtenstein is a special case in many respects. It is one of Europe’s few remaining principalities, a constitutional democracy combining a parliament with a hereditary monarchy. One-third of inhabitants are foreigners, mainly Swiss, German and Austrian. Its tiny size – 37 000 inhabitants in 2013 – excludes it from most comparative S&T statistics and rankings. Its public expenditure on R&D amounts to less than the budget of a small university and its publication output represents a couple of hundred citable documents per year. The EEA agreement links it closely to Iceland and Norway but its geographical location on Switzerland’s eastern border, national language (German) and the long tradition of close collaboration in many policy fields with the Swiss make joint ventures with Switzerland a much more evident and pragmatic solution. Science and technology are no exception. Liechtenstein is fully associated with the Swiss National Science Foundation, giving its researchers the right to participate in the foundation’s activities. Moreover, Liechtenstein enjoys the same privilege with the Austrian Science Fund, the Austrian equivalent of the Swiss National Science Foundation. Liechtenstein boasts an impressive GERD/GDP ratio of 8 %, according to the national education authority, but this is of limited meaning in international comparisons on account of the extremely small number of actors and nominal figures. Nevertheless, this ratio reflects the high level of R&D undertaken by some of Liechtenstein’s internationally competitive companies in machinery, construction and medical technology, such as Hilti, Oerlikon-Balzers or Ivoclar Vivadent AG; the latter develops products for dentists, employs 130 people in Liechtenstein and about 3 200 people worldwide in 24 countries. Liechtenstein’s public funding of R&D – roughly 0.2% of GDP – goes mainly to the country’s sole public university, the University of Liechtenstein. Founded in its present form in 2005 and formally accredited in 2011, the university concentrates on areas of special relevance for the national economy: finance, management and entrepreneurship, and, to a lesser degree, architecture and planning. The school has got off to a good start; it is attracting a growing number of students from beyond its German-speaking neighbours, not least because of a highly attractive faculty/student ratio. A large proportion of the country’s youth nevertheless studies abroad, mainly in Switzerland, Austria and Germany (Office of Statistics, 2014). Whether Liechtenstein will continue to flourish and earn the international reputation and status it covets remains to be seen. Liechtenstein’s development will, in any case, determine the future of its public R&D sector. If the University of Liechtenstein lives up to expectations in terms of growth and quality, this may incite parliament to rethink its recent decision to drop out of the EU’s Horizon 2020 programme. Innovation is the key element behind Liechtenstein’s strong economy and supportive R&D measures by the public sector could well prove a useful complement to private R&D investment for preserving the country’s advantages in the long run. Chapter 11 303
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Towards 2030
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Published in 2015 by the United Nat
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Report team Director of the Publica
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT A closer look
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Foreword Irina Bokova, Director-Gen
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Ambitious pol
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT (22%), physic
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT gender implic
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT REFERENCES AA
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT 2016 732
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Annex 1: Comp
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Central Asia
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Annex 2: Glos
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT five-year age
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT 742
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Table S1: Socio-economic indicators
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Table S2: R&D expenditure by sector
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Table S3: R&D expenditure as a shar
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Table S3: R&D expenditure as a shar
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Table S4: Public expenditure on ter
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Table S5: Tertiary graduates in 200
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Table S6: Total researchers and res
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Table S7: Researchers by field of s
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Table S7: Researchers by field of s
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Table S8: Scientific publications b
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Table S9: Publications by major fie
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Table S10: Scientific publications
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Data obtained
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