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Figure 9.11 (continued) All EU members are well above the OECD average for the intensity of international co-operation Share of papers with foreign co-authors, 2008–2014 83.0 76.1 66.3 65.6 64.8 61.7 61.7 60.8 59.1 58.3 57.9 45.5% Share of all EU papers with foreign co-authors in 2014 57.5 56.9 55.9 55.8 55.0 OECD average 29.4% 54.8 54.3 52.6 51.1 38.2% Share of EU papers in medical sciences with foreign co-authors in 2014 Luxembourg Cyprus Malta Austria Belgium Denmark Sweden Estonia Ireland Netherlands Finland Slovakia Hungary UK Latvia Portugal Bulgaria France Germany Czech Rep. Slovenia Spain Greece Italy Croatia EU28 average Romania Lithuania Poland 50.3 47.8 46.1 46.0 43.8 41.4 38.0 37.9 34.0 The USA is the top partner for 14 EU members, including all six most-populous ones Main foreign partners, 2008–2014 (number of papers) 1st collaborator 2nd collaborator 3rd collaborator 4th collaborator 5th collaborator Austria Germany (21 483) USA (13 783) UK (8 978) Italy (7 678) France (7 425) Belgium USA (18 047) France (17 743) UK (15 109) Germany (14 718) Netherlands (14 307) Bulgaria Germany (2 632) USA (1 614) Italy (1 566) France (1 505) UK (1 396) Croatia Germany (2 383) USA (2 349) Italy (1 900) UK (1 771) France (1 573) Cyprus Greece (1 426) USA (1 170) UK (1 065) Germany (829) Italy (776) Czech Rep. Germany (8 265) USA (7 908) France (5 884) UK (5775) Italy (4 456) Denmark USA (15 933) UK (12 176) Germany (11 359) Sweden (8 906) France (6 978) Estonia Finland (1 488) UK (1 390) Germany (1 368) USA (1 336) Sweden (1 065) Finland USA (10 756) UK (8 507) Germany (8 167) Sweden (7 244) France (5 109) France USA (62 636) Germany (42 178) UK (40 595) Italy (32 099) Spain (25 977) Germany USA (94 322) UK (54 779) France (42 178) Switzerland (34 164) Italy (33 279) Greece USA (10 374) UK (8 905) Germany (7 438) Italy (6 184) France (5 861) Hungary USA (6 367) Germany (6 099) UK (4 312) France (3 740) Italy (3 588) Ireland UK (9 735) USA (7 426) Germany (4 580) France (3 541) Italy (2 751) Italy USA (53 913) UK (34 639) Germany (33 279) France (32 099) Spain (24 571) Latvia Germany (500) USA (301) Lithuania (298) Russian Fed. (292) UK (289) Lithuania Germany (1 214) USA (1 065) UK (982) France (950) Poland (927) Luxembourg France (969) Germany (870) Belgium (495) UK (488) USA (470) Malta UK (318) Italy (197) France (126) Germany (120) USA (109) Netherlands USA (36 295) Germany (29 922) UK (29 606) France (17 549) Italy (15 190) Poland USA (13 207) Germany (12 591) UK (8 872) France (8 795) Italy (6 944) Portugal Spain (10 019) USA (8 107) UK (7 524) France (6054) Germany (5 798) Romania France (4 424) Germany (3 876) USA (3 533) Italy (3 268) UK (2530) Slovakia Czech Rep. (3 732) Germany (2 719) USA (2 249) UK (1750) France (1744) Slovenia USA (2 479) Germany (2 315) Italy (2 195) UK (1889) France (1666) Spain USA (39 380) UK (28 979) Germany (26 056) France (25 977) Italy (24571) Sweden USA (24 023) UK (17 928) Germany (16 731) France (10 561) Italy (9371) UK USA (100 537) Germany (54 779) France (40 595) Italy (34 639) Netherlands (29 606) Source: Thomson Reuter’s Web of Science, Science Citation Index Expanded; data treatment by Science–Metrix 262
European Union COUNTRY PROFILES Given the sheer size of the EU, the following country profiles are necessarily brief and limited to those countries with a population of more than 10 million. Moreover, the European Commission regularly publishes detailed country profiles of EU member states via its Erawatch series. For a profile of Croatia and Slovenia, see Chapter 10. BELGIUM A steep rise in R&D intensity Belgium has a high-quality research system. There is a general consensus on the need to foster innovationbased competitiveness. R&D expenditure in both the public and private sectors has climbed steeply since 2005, placing Belgium among the EU leaders for R&D intensity (2.3% of GDP in 2013). In Belgium, it is the regions and communities which are mostly responsible for research and innovation, the federal government’s role being circumscribed to providing tax incentives and funding specific areas like space research. Belgium experienced a period of political instability between 2007 and 2011, with the Dutch-speaking Flemish community advocating a devolution of power to the regions, whereas the French-speaking Walloon community preferred to maintain the status quo. The election of a new federal government in December 2011 put an end to the political stalemate, with the agreed partition of the Brussels – Halle – Vilvoorde region and the adoption of policies to tackle the country’s economic downturn. In the Dutch-speaking region of Flanders, science and innovation policy focuses on six thematic areas addressing societal challenges. In the French-speaking Walloon region, the focus is on a cluster approach, with the launch of transsectorial innovation platforms and new tools targeting SMEs. The French-speaking Brussels region, which also hosts the European Commission, has adopted a smart specialization approach. Since 2007, the government has made an effort to reform the national innovation system, through the National Policy for Research, Development and Innovation covering 2009–2015 and the National Innovation Strategy (2011). These documents focus on infrastructure development, support for innovative firms and fostering partnerships between the public and private sectors. The EU’s structural funds have also supported this reform of public research. The governance of the Czech innovation system remains very complex but it is expected that the new government Council for Research, Development and Innovation will help improve co-ordination. FRANCE Towards the Industry of the Future France has a large science base but the level of business R&D is lower than in similar countries. The government estimates 21 that ‘dis-industrialization’ over the past decade has cost France 750 000 jobs and 6% of the GDP earned from industry. France has substantially reformed its research and innovation system in recent years. Under President Sarkozy (2007–2012), the existing system of tax credits for company research was recalculated on the basis of the volume of research spending rather than the size of the increase in spending over the previous two years. As a result, companies became entitled to a rebate of about 30% on their research expenditure for the first € 100 million and 5% thereafter. Between 2008 and 2011, the number of enterprises benefiting from this tax rebate doubled to 19 700. By 2015, the cost of this tax rebate was ten times higher (5 billion) than in 2003. A report published in 2013 by the Cour des comptes, France’s watchdog for public finances, questioned the efficacity of an increasingly costly measure, while acknowledging that it had helped to preserve innovation and research jobs during the crisis of 2008–2009. It has also been suggested that larger companies ended up benefiting more from the tax credits than SMEs. In September 2014, President Hollande affirmed his intention of preserving the tax rebate, which is thought to project a positive image of France abroad (Alet, 2015). CZECH REPUBLIC Reforms to develop innovation The Czech Republic has a strong presence of R&D-performing foreign affiliates. However, there is insufficient co-operation and knowledge transfer between science and the business world. This has led to a weak domestic private base for R&D and explains the Czech Republic’s average commitment to R&D by EU standards (1.9% of GDP in 2013). A ‘New Deal for Innovation’ Since the election of President Hollande in May 2012, the government has oriented its industrial policy towards supporting economic development and job creation, in a context of stubbornly high unemployment (10.3% in 2013), particularly among the young (24.8% in 2013). A total of 34 sectorial industrial plans have been introduced with a strong focus on innovation, as well as a New Deal for Innovation designed to ‘promote innovation for all,’ which 21.See (in French): www.gouvernement.fr/action/la-nouvelle-france-industrielle Chapter 9 263
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Towards 2030
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Published in 2015 by the United Nat
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Report team Director of the Publica
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT A closer look
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Foreword Irina Bokova, Director-Gen
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT may not be ab
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Accountabilit
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT 144 529 ringg
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT oversight wou
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT exercises tar
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT A major chall
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UNESCO Figure 27.4: SCIENCE REPORT
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT comparatively
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UNESCO Figure 27.5: SCIENCE Trends
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UNESCO Figure 27.8 SCIENCE (continu
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT although the
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT According to
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT the volume of
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT There are 161
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT The National
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Box 27.3: Inn
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Ambitious pol
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT (22%), physic
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT gender implic
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT REFERENCES AA
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT 2016 732
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Annex 1: Comp
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Central Asia
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Annex 2: Glos
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT five-year age
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT 742
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Table S1: Socio-economic indicators
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Table S2: R&D expenditure by sector
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Table S3: R&D expenditure as a shar
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Table S3: R&D expenditure as a shar
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Table S4: Public expenditure on ter
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Table S5: Tertiary graduates in 200
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Table S6: Total researchers and res
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Table S7: Researchers by field of s
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Table S7: Researchers by field of s
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Table S8: Scientific publications b
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Table S9: Publications by major fie
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Table S10: Scientific publications
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Data obtained
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