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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Rethinking government funding of research Another major reform is this time shaking up the way in which the Chinese government funds research. China has seen rising central government expenditure on science and technology over the past decade. With RMB 236 billion (US$ 38.3 billion) in 2013, spending on science and technology accounted for 11.6% of the central government’s direct public expenditure. Of this, R&D expenditure has been estimated at about RMB 167 billion (US$ 27 billion) by the National Bureau of Statistics (2014). As new national science and technology programmes had been added over the years, especially the mega-engineering programmes introduced under the Medium- and Long-Term Plan after 2006, funding had become decentralized and fragmented, resulting in widespread overlap and an inefficient use of funds. For example, about 30 different agencies administered the central government R&D funding through some 100 competitive programmes up until the launch of the new reform. To compound matters, pervasive corruption and misaligned incentives were seen as weakening the vitality of China’s research enterprise (Cyranoski, 2014b). Change seemed inevitable. Once again, the reform was instigated under the pressure of the political leadership. Initially, the measures proposed by the Ministry of Science and Technology (MoST) and the Ministry of Finance only made small adjustments to the existing system. All the major programmes were to be maintained and linked to one another, with the integration of small programmes, and new procedures for supporting research were to be introduced, along with other measures to avoid repetition and strengthen co-ordination between ministries. The Central Leading Group for Financial and Economic Affairs turned down several drafts of the reform proposal. It was only after the Central Leading Group for Financial and Economic Affairs contributed substantial input of its own that the measure was finally approved by the Central Leading Group for the Deepening of Comprehensive Reform, the Politburo of the CCP’s Central Committee and the State Council. The reform re-organizes the nation’s R&D programmes into five categories: n Basic research through the National Natural Science Foundation of China, which currently distributes many of the small-scale competitive grants; n Major national science and technology programmes, which are presumably the mega-science and mega-engineering programmes under the Medium- and Long-Term Plan to 2020; n Key national research and development programmes, which presumably succeed the State High-Technology R&D Programme, also known as the 863 Programme, and the State Basic Research and Development Programme, also known as the 973 Programme; 5 5. For details of these programmes, see the UNESCO Science Report 2010. n A special fund to guide technological innovation; and n Special programmes to develop human resources and infrastructure (Cyranoski, 2014b). These five categories translate into some RMB 100 billion (US$ 16.36 billion), or 60% of the central government’s funding for research in 2013, which will be handled by professional organizations specializing in research management by 2017. MoST, which distributed RMB 22 billion (US$ 3.6 billion) in public R&D funding in 2013, will gradually concede its role of administering the funding for programmes under its jurisdiction, most noticeably the 863 and 973 Programmes (Figure 23.8). Some other ministries with a portfolio for science and technology will likewise relinquish their power to distribute public research funds. In return, MoST will survive the reform intact, rather than being dissolved as had been debated for quite some time. The ministry will henceforth be in charge of formulating policy and monitoring the use of funding. In line with the reform, the ministry is restructuring to reorganize relevant departments. For example, its Planning and Development Bureau and Scientific Research Conditions and Finance Bureau have been merged to form the new Resource Allocation and Management Bureau to strengthen operational oversight of the future interministerial conference mechanism. Officials at bureau chief level have also been reshuffled within the ministry. The interministerial conference mechanism is led by MoST with the participation of the Ministry of Finance, National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) and others. The interministerial conference is responsible for planning and reviewing strategies for S&T development, determining national S&T programmes and their key tasks and guidelines and overseeing the professional research management organizations that will be formed to review and approve funding for national science and technology programmes. The interministerial conference will be supported by a committee responsible for strategic consulting and comprehensive review, which will be convened by MoST and composed of leading experts from the scientific community, industry and various economic sectors. At the operational level, professional research management organizations will be established. Through a ‘unified platform’ or a national S&T information management system, they will organize project submission, evaluation, management and assessment. MoST and the Ministry of Finance will be responsible for reviewing and supervising the performance evaluation of the funding for national science and technology programmes, evaluating the performance of members of the strategic consulting and comprehensive review committee and the performance of the professional research management organizations. The procedures of programmes and projects will be adjusted as part of the dynamic evaluation and 636
China Figure 23.8: Priorities of China’s national research programmes, 2012 PRIORITIES OF CHINA’S NATIONAL PROGRAMME FOR HIGH-TECH R&D (863 PROGRAMME) Distribution of new projects by field (%) Distribution of budget for new projects by field (%) 6.4 5.8 19.1 7.8 4.3 17.1 6.5 8.2 8.4 2012 12.3 8.3 2012 15.5 9.1 9.6 10.6 12.2 8.6 9.6 9.7 10.9 Biotechnology Transportation Biotechnology Agriculture Agriculture Environment Agriculture Agriculture Information technology technology Transportation Energy Energy Remote Remote sensing sensing Materials Materials Energy Energy Information technology technology Ocean Ocean Environment Ocean Ocean Manufacturing Materials Materials Manufacturing Remote Remote sensing sensing PRIORITIES OF CHINA’S NATIONAL PROGRAMME FOR KEY BASIC R&D (973 PROGRAMME) Distribution of new projects by field (%) Distribution of budget by field (%) Chapter 23 7.3 16.4 7.4 7.1 4.1 18.4 8.1 8.2 7.3 0.9 2012 2012 13.6 8.0 18.3 9.1 10.0 10.6 9.1 10.0 11.7 14.4 Health Health sciences Materials science science Megascientific frontier frontier Information Megascientific frontier frontier Young Young scientist project project Health Health Materials Manufacturing and and engineering sciences Energy Energy science science Synthesis science science Energy Energy Synthesis science science Resource and and Manufacturing and and Agriculture environmental sciences engineering Agricultural science science Megascientific goalorientated research environmental goal- Resource and and Information science science Source: Planning Bureau of Ministry of Science and Technology (2013) Annual Report of the National Programmes of Science and Technology Development. 637
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Towards 2030
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Published in 2015 by the United Nat
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Report team Director of the Publica
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT A closer look
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Foreword Irina Bokova, Director-Gen
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Science for a sustainable and just
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT five-year age
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT 742
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Table S1: Socio-economic indicators
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Table S2: R&D expenditure by sector
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Table S3: R&D expenditure as a shar
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Table S3: R&D expenditure as a shar
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Table S4: Public expenditure on ter
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Table S5: Tertiary graduates in 200
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Table S6: Total researchers and res
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Table S7: Researchers by field of s
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Table S7: Researchers by field of s
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Table S8: Scientific publications b
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Table S9: Publications by major fie
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Table S10: Scientific publications
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Data obtained
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT

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