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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Progress in Central Asia is being hampered by the low level of investment in research and development. Nasibakhon Mukhitidinova A ‘flying machine’ on display at the Tashkent Innovation Fair in 2014 Photo: © Nasibakhon Mkhitidinova 364
14 . Central Asia Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan Central Asia Nasibakhon Mukhitdinova INTRODUCTION A quick recovery from the global financial crisis The Central Asian economies have emerged relatively unscathed from the global financial crisis of 2008–2009. Uzbekistan has recorded consistently strong growth over the past decade (over 7%) and Turkmenistan 1 even flirted with growth of 15% (14.7%) in 2011. Although Kyrgyzstan’s performance has been more erratic, this phenomenon was visible well before 2008 (Figure 14.1). Kazakhstan has the world’s largest uranium reserves. Fluctuating global demand for cotton, aluminium and other metals (except gold) in recent years has hit Tajikistan hardest, since aluminium and raw cotton are its chief exports − the Tajik Aluminium Company is the country’s primary industrial asset. In January 2014, the Minister of Agriculture announced the government’s intention to reduce the land cultivated by cotton to make way for other crops. Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan are major cotton exporters themselves, ranking fifth and ninth respectively worldwide for volume. The republics which have fared best have surfed on the wave of the commodities boom. Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan have abundant oil and natural gas reserves and Uzbekistan’s own reserves make it more or less self-sufficient. Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan all have gold reserves and 1. Turkmenistan had reduced its external debt to just 1.6% of GDP by 2012 (down from 35% in 2002) and Uzbekistan’s external debt is just 18.5% of GDP (2012). Kazakhstan’s external debt has remained relatively stable at 66% (2012), whereas Tajikistan’s external debt has climbed to 51% (up from 36% in 2008) and Kyrgyzstan’s remains high at 89%, after dropping to 71% in 2009. Source: Sescric database, accessed July 2014. Although both exports and imports have grown impressively over the past decade, the countries remain vulnerable to economic shocks, owing to their reliance on exports of raw materials, a restricted circle of trading partners and a negligible manufacturing capacity. Kyrgyzstan has the added disadvantage of being considered resource poor, although it does have ample water. Most of its electricity is generated by hydropower. The Kyrgyz economy was shaken by a series of shocks between 2010 and 2012. In April 2010, President Kurmanbek Figure 14.1: GDP growth trends in Central Asia, 2000−2013 (%) Chapter 14 15 12 9.8 Kyrgyzstan 10.5 Turkmenistan 10.2 9 8.3 Uzbekistan 8.0 Tajikistan 7.4 6 5.5 5.4 Kazakhstan 6.0 3 3.8 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Source: World Bank (2014) Global Economic Prospects, Table A1.1, p. 100 365
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT Towards 2030
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Published in 2015 by the United Nat
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Report team Director of the Publica
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Foreword Irina Bokova, Director-Gen
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