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African Folklore: An Encyclopedia - Marshalls University

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<strong>African</strong> folklore 770<br />

Although queen mothers have not enjoyed the same privileges of education that their<br />

male counterparts have, the culture is now encouraging education and is placing educated<br />

women on the stool as queen mothers whenever possible. Due to contemporary<br />

influences, then, it is not unusual today to observe queen mothers participating in efforts<br />

to bring education to illiterate queen mothers, to support young women’s football teams,<br />

or to organize events that illustrate the need for planned parenthood. In contemporary<br />

<strong>African</strong> societies, the role of traditional authority seems to be expanding as indigenous<br />

systems exercise flexibility in regard to modernization, and as the state slowly recognizes<br />

the need to cooperate with traditional systems. It appears that the twenty-first century<br />

version of this encounter may be more hospitable to female authority than the colonial<br />

encounter, with the value of queen mothers as female leaders being recognized in the<br />

indigenous sociopolitical system.<br />

References<br />

Aidoo, Agnes Akosua. 1982. Asante Queen Mothers in Government and Politics in the Nineteenth<br />

Century. In The Black Woman Cross-Culturally, ed. F.C.Steady. Cambridge, Mass: Schenkman.<br />

Awe, Bolanle. 1977. The Iyalode in the Traditional Yoruba Political System. In Sexual<br />

Stratification, ed. Alice Schlegel. New York: Columbia <strong>University</strong> Press.<br />

Bascom, William. 1973. <strong>African</strong> Art in Cultural Perspective. New York: Norton.<br />

Bay, Edna. 1997. The Kpojito or “Queen Mother” of Precolonial Dahomey. In Queens, Queen<br />

Mothers, Priestesses, and Power, ed. Flora Kaplan. New York: New York Academy of<br />

Sciences.<br />

——. 1998. Wives of the Leopard. Charlottesville: <strong>University</strong> of Virginia Press.<br />

Ben-Amos, Paula Girshick. 1983. In Honor of Queen Mothers. In The Art of Power/The Power of<br />

Art, ed. P.Ben-Amos and A. Rubin. Los <strong>An</strong>geles: Museum of Culture History, UCLA.<br />

Feeley-Harnik, Gillian. 1997. Dying Gods and Queen Mothers: The International Politics of Social<br />

Reproduction in Africa and Europe. In Gendered Encounters, ed. Maria Grosz-Ngate and Omari<br />

H.Kokole. New York: Routledge.<br />

Farrar, Tarikhu. 1997. The Queenmother, Matriarchy, and the Question of Female Political<br />

Authority in Precolonial West <strong>African</strong> Monarchy. Journal of Black Studies 27, no. 5:579–597.<br />

Ginindza, Thoko. 1997. Labotsibeni/Gwamile Mduli: The Power behind the Swazi Throne 1875–<br />

1925. In Queens, Queen Mothers, Priestesses, and Power, ed. Flora Kaplan. New York: New<br />

York Academy of Sciences.<br />

Ifeka, Caroline. The Mystical and Political Powers of Queen Mothers, Kings, and Commoners in<br />

Nso’, Cameroon. In Persons and Powers of Women in Diverse Cultures, ed. Shirley Ardener.<br />

New York: Berg.<br />

Kaplan, Flora. 1997. Iyoba, The Queen Mother of Benin. In Queens, Queen Mothers, Priestesses,<br />

and Power, ed. Flora Kaplan. New York: New York Academy of Sciences.<br />

Kuper, Hilda. 1947. <strong>An</strong> <strong>African</strong> Aristocracy: Rank Among the Swazi. New York: Holmes and<br />

Meier.<br />

——. 1963. The Swazi. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.<br />

——. 1978. Sobhuza II: Ngwenyama and King of Swaziland. New York: Holmes and Meier.<br />

Lebeuf, <strong>An</strong>nie. 1971. The Role of Women in the Political Organization of <strong>African</strong> Societies. In<br />

Women of Tropical Africa, ed. Denise Paulme. Berkeley: <strong>University</strong> of California Press.<br />

Mamdani, Mahmood. 1996. Citizen and Subject. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton <strong>University</strong> Press.<br />

Nkwi, Paul Nchoji. 1974. The Origin of Kom Matrilineal Institutions. In Symposium Leo<br />

Frobenius. Deutesche UNESCO Kommission. Koln: Verlag Dokumentation.

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