Exotic Animal Formulary5

200 mg/L in fresh water
bath 2
Fire-bellied toads/buffer with sodium
bicarbonate to pH 7.2; anesthetic
induction in 14±4 min, variable
duration of anesthesia up to
30 min; not sufficient for painful
procedures
Alfaxalone
(A)/morphine (M)
Atipamezole (Antisedan,
Zoetis)
Benzocaine (Sigma
Chemical)
(A) 3 mg/100 mL + (M) Fire-bellied toads/provided anesthetic
5 mg/100 mL as bath 1 induction and antinociception
Titrate to effect IM, IV Antagonist for dexmedetomidine 31
— Anesthesia; not sold as fish anesthetic
in United States; available from
chemical supply companies; do not
use topical anesthetic products
marketed for mammals; prepare
stock solution in ethanol (poorly
soluble in water); store in dark
bottle at room temperature
50 mg/L bath to effect 59 Larvae/dissolve in ethanol first
200-300 mg/L bath to
effect 59
Frogs, salamanders/dissolve in
ethanol first
200-500 mg/L bath 59 Dissolve in acetone first
Buprenorphine 38 mg/kg SC 31 b
Analgesia >4 hr; ED 50 in leopard
frogs 31
50 mg/kg ICe q24h 26 Eastern red spotted newts/return to
normal behavior following limb
amputation; may take >1 hr for
onset of clinical effects;
postsurgical bath in 0.1%
sulfamerazine (w/v; Sigma
Chemical Company) 26
Butorphanol 0.2-0.4 mg/kg IM 59 Analgesia; efficacy uncertain 59
0.5 mg/L continuous
immersion for 3 days 26
Eastern red spotted newts/return to
normal behavior following limb
amputation; may take >4 hr for
onset of clinical effects;
postsurgical bath in 0.1%
sulfamerazine (w/v; Sigma
Chemical Company) 26
Clove oil (eugenol) 0.3 mL/L (~310-
318 mg/L) 59 Anesthesia; deep anesthesia after
15 min bath; caused reversible
gastric prolapse in 50% of leopard
101